Linking pin model
The linking pin model or principle of overlapping groups was designed in the early 1960s by Rensis Likert ( empirical social researchers ).
The linking pin model is based on that you are working in organizations in working groups considering. A manager of a work group is also an employee of another working group, respectively. It creating overlapping teams that cover the organization with a network of groups. This model allows an organizational upward integration. A point of criticism may be mentioned that this model often only be the top-down approach and a bottom-up communication either difficult, characterized by long delays or even not possible.
Within the participatory theory Likerts the Overlapping group describes the ideal stage of development. There are ( exploitative and benevolent ) distinguished and participatory systems ( advisory system and system group ) two authoritarian systems. Between these four system is a continuous transition from the classical approach of exploiting authoritarian system instead of the ideal participative system of overlapping group. In this they are weak points in the austoritären systems are overcome and motivation of employees arising from participation.
The group system is characterized by supportive relationships and regular meetings (for example, quality circles ). There is more of a flat hierarchy and the figure of the group leader is seen as central. The span of control is correspondingly far as employees should make their own decisions and also on the lower levels work independently (decentralization, specialization, division of labor ).