Location-based service

Location-based services (English Location-based Services (LBS ), including: Location Dependent Services ( LDS) ) are mobile services to the end user to provide selective information with the assistance of position-dependent data or provide services of another kind.

As user positions are technically determined, under the point positioning method can be looked up.

We distinguish between reactive and proactive location-based services. In reactive services, the service user must explicitly request the service (eg restaurant finder ). A proactive service responds to certain events, for example when entering a particular zone.

In order to offer location-based services, in practice, it requires the interaction of different actors:

• Terminal such as a mobile phone; OBU2
• Position detector carries out the positioning calculation, and the position of the target object. In terminal- based positioning methods, this is the role of the target object. In network-based positioning, however, this role is usually assumed by the operator of the localization infrastructure. This service presents the raw position data of the target object in a mostly dependent on the location method used form of presentation.
• Ortsbestimmer prepares the data supplied by Position Finder so that they can be taught to a service provider. This is for example a mobile network operator based on Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), the data could be determined based on proximity of a terminal to a base station prepared.
• Service Provider uses this information to process them further according to the service (eg combination with geographic data), transmits the resulting data to the service user and the service is ultimately provided by, for example, Toll Collect
• Service user, the requests to the service (for example, via mobile phone or PC)

New location-based social networks are able to provide all the information with a current position if this releases, photos, videos or your own POI are now. These new services participants in social networks can always see where a family member or friend is staying, or locate their vehicle in a parking lot. Current smartphones are often equipped with (A ) GPS and Wi-Fi location tracking, even in buildings. There are many techniques for determining location data (GPS, GSM, Bluetooth, RFID, etc.). A general model for this problem was developed at the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands ).

Location-based mobile services

Location-based services are services, which are provided to the user of a mobile phone depending on its position available.

In order to offer this service, you try to access an idle devices to determine ( user / subscriber ) the position of the customer. For more particularly to a mobile phone is suitable because there is already a medium, the position of the terminal knows - the mobile network.

In the Home Location Register (HLR ) stores the network, the Visitor Location Register (VLR ) in which the mobile terminal (mobile phone ) is currently. This in turn VLR knows the location area (LA), in which the mobile terminal is located. With this information you can determine via a table showing which are the coordinates. For more accurate detection, the so-called cell ID number can (usually serves a plurality of radio cells, the antenna mast at the same time ) can be used. The accuracy here is dependent on the size of the cell. In heavily populated areas, in order to serve all customers, small cells are being planned and constructed. These cells have a typical size of 300 to 500 m ( radius). In this area, the localization of the cell data is more accurate than, for example, in the countryside, where large cells are being planned and constructed. These may have a radius of a few kilometers up to 15 km.

Improvements in accuracy can be achieved by triangulation or the use of information about the signal propagation time and the reception field strength, and by using techniques such as the satellite navigation system Global Positioning System (GPS ) and Assisted Global Positioning System ( AGPS ). Some applications may use several technologies to optimize accuracy and computation time.

With the mobile Internet service Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP), HTML or even small applications (apps) appropriate services can be provided on the terminal and give the possibility of interactions.

Examples

• Interesting places near Point of Interest (POI)
• Where am I
• Where are my friends
• Are my friends here
• Leaving my child the target range
• Guidance, route planner and route optimization
• Travel time prediction ( by Gruppentracing and clustering analysis)
• Mobile time tracking
• Location-based games, scavenger hunt online
• Location-based advertising and communications
• Industrial, dependent on the location process controls

To protect the privacy of users and to prevent abuse, the mobile operators are obliged to ask the participants after his consent for a proposed localization. This does not include situations in which there is present danger to the life or health of a person. Legal basis in Germany in the Telecommunications Act ( Germany ) (§ 98), in Austria in the Telecommunications Act ( Austria ) (§ 93, § 96, § 102) and the Security Police Act ( Austria ) (§ 53 para 3a), there is an administrative fine of up to 37,000 € for offenses provided ( § 109).

Principle of operation

Example POI:

• A subscriber calls in its WAP browser on the service, he studied cinema.
• This service ( a web server ) is the number of the mobile subscriber is known ( by the network operator).
• The service will then send a request to a server that can determine the location of a subscriber.
• The server sends a location query to the mobile network
• To allow a current location, the terminal (mobile) is sent non- visible text or performed by other means, a so-called Paging
• To hand out these SMS, the network needs to update the location data (paging).
• The mobile radio network responds to the server with information about the antenna that is closest to the mobile.
• Based on a table, the server determines the coordinates, the beam angle and the signal width.
• Now with these values ​​, the server can determine the approximate position of the subscriber in which the Zelllmittelpunkt is used.
• Now the Service ( POI) compares the coordinates obtained with the data in its database to find the nearest cinema.
• Next, the participant receives a list of cinemas displayed in its immediate vicinity.
• Now also can yet another service give the participants the directions to his desire cinema.

Another possible extension would, for example, that one is ordered and paid for, no longer needs the cash register and automatically detected at the input due to its position directly using his mobile phone cinema tickets and gains access.

Criticism

Jerome E. Dobson and Peter F. Fisher have the potential for abuse of the required Location-based services for data back, and shaped for the term " Geoslavery ". Privacy advocates recommend deactivating the permanent transfer of the own location.