Lower Bavaria

Lower Bavaria is both a district and a government district in the Free State of Bavaria.

The districts in Bavaria are self-governing bodies, to which several groups have come together. The circles of a district each belong to a same government district, the jurisdiction of the district government (often only short- Government ) as a state agent authority. Unlike the district administration offices, the same state and municipal authority ( " Janus-faced " ), exist for them in Bavaria with the district administrations and the governments of separate authorities.

Lower Bavaria is located in the east of the country, bordered to the north by the Upper Palatinate, to the northeast of the Czech Republic ( Bohemia, Pilsen region ), in the southeast of Upper Austria ( Innviertel, Upper Austria ) and on the southwest by Upper Bavaria. The term " Lower Bavaria " appears for the first time in 1255 in the Bavarian division. Originally Lower Bavaria was much larger: at that time also included the Chiemgau and the area of Bad Reichenhall it.

Administrative headquarters of the district and at the same time the seat of government of the district of Landshut is.

The name Lower Bavaria results from the relative position of the Danube.

• 2.1 Largest cities of Lower Bavaria

• 4.1 Coat of Arms History

• 6.1 Road
• 6.2 railway
• 6.3 Marine
• 6.4 Air Traffic

• 8.1 County Council 8.1.1 composition
• 8.1.2 District President Tags

• 9.1 Government President

Structure

The government district of Lower Bavaria has three county-level cities and nine counties:

Independent Cities

Counties

Former county names:

Before the county reform

Before the county reform on 1 July 1972, the government district of Lower Bavaria had four county-level cities and 22 counties. The county Kötzting, as well as parts of the district Mallersdorf changed it in the administrative district of Upper Palatinate.

Independent Cities

• Deggendorf (today district town in the district of Deggendorf )
• Landshut
• Passau
• Straubing

Counties

• Arc (now the district of Straubing -Bogen )
• Deggendorf
• Dingolfing (now the district of Dingolfing -Landau )
• Eggenfelden (now Rottal -Inn )
• Grafenau (now Freyung -Grafenau )
• Griesbach (today district of Passau, Rottal -Inn )
• Kelheim
• Kötzting (now the district of Cham and thus Oberpfalz)
• Landau ad Isar (now the district of Dingolfing -Landau )
• Landshut
• Main castle (now the district of Kelheim, Landshut district, the district of Freising, County Pfaffenhofen )

• Mallersdorf (today district of Landshut, Straubing-Bogen district, the district of Regensburg and the district of Dingolfing -Landau )
• Passau
• Parish churches (now Rottal -Inn )
• Rain
• Rottenburg an der Laaber (now Landshut district and the district of Kelheim )
• Straubing (now the district of Straubing -Bogen )
• Viechtach (now the district of Regen )
• Vilsbiburg (today district of Landshut )
• Vilshofen (today district of Passau and the district of Deggendorf )
• Wegscheid (today district of Passau )
• Wolfenstein ( administrative seat Freyung ) (now Freyung -Grafenau )

Notes:

• By 1954, the government districts of Lower Bavaria and Upper Palatinate were managed together. Parts of which are preserved to this day and still managed together in Landshut.

• For the Nazi period included between 1939 and 1945 for common administrative district of Lower Bavaria Upper Palatinate following Sudeten German areas in South Bohemia:
• County Bergreichenstein
• County Markt Eisenstein
• County Prachatitz

• The administrative headquarters Castle Wolfenstein was until March 30, 1954 in place that was incorporated on April 1, 1954 in the city Freyung.

Population

Stand December 31 respectively

Largest cities of Lower Bavaria

Source: Bavarian State Office for Statistics and Data Processing

History

Outline Map of Philipp Apian of 1568: Nidern Bayrn in the map title or Nider Bairen on the map ( green colored area)

Bavaria Inferior on the map of 1688

Bavaria circles 1808 ( in Lower Bavaria Lower Danube Circle, Circle Isar, rain circle and circle Salzach )

Because like many dynasties that time no preference for the firstborn in the succession was in the Wittelsbach family, it came in 1255 to the division into Upper Bavaria with the Palatinate and the Nordgau (based in Munich) and Lower Bavaria ( with the seats in Landshut and Burghausen). Then go back today, the distinction between Upper and Lower Bavaria (compare government districts). In the 14th and 15th century Lower Bavaria was repeatedly divided (also Oberbayern like ). After the partition of 1392, there were four duchies: Lower Bavaria - Straubing, Lower Bavaria -Landshut, Bavaria -Ingolstadt -Munich and Upper Bavaria, whose dukes often war with each other. Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria -Munich united after the devastating Landshut War of Succession of 1504 /05 1506 Old Bavaria again. By primogeniture law he finished the divisions. The Bavarian constitution of 1808 divided the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 formed uniformly in a circle. The circles correspond to the administrative units of the mean level, ie the present administrative districts and were aware been outlined to older administrative or stately covers all the way to rational- functional aspects unrelated. After the French model, the circles were named according to their main rivers. The area of present-day Lower Bavaria thereby distributed to the lower Danube Circle, circle the Isar, the rain circle and the Salzach circle.

After the Bavarian external borders repeatedly changed in the following years, the districts were re-cut so that the lower Danube group comprised 1816 large parts of today's governmental district of Lower Bavaria.

There the matter rested until 1837 romantic moving King Ludwig I. the French naming system wished to replace by historicizing terms that should reflect the history of the Bavarian parts. It therefore fell to the idea in " Lower Bavaria " to rename the area of the lower Danube circle. So they were making to the first Bavarian division of 1255, the. For Duke Henry XIII an independent Lower Bavarian duchy had created. After transient reunification in 1340, the Duchy of 1392 was divided into three parts: In Upper Bavaria Bavaria -Munich and Bavaria came to Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Lower Bavaria -Landshut. There was also in Lower Bavaria as the fourth dukedom since 1349 Bavaria - Straubing. Named as " Lower Bavaria " circle did not coincide geographically but with the historic Lower Bavaria. It was a pure tradition designation.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the district of Lower Bavaria represents the split shield heraldic right, the Bavarian white and blue rhombs and dar. heraldic left in silver an upright red Panther The white and blue diamonds are since 1204 coat of arms of the Counts of Bogen detectable and were after the extinction of the comital 1242 acquired by the Wittelsbach family. The Panther goes on the counts of Orthenburg - Kraiburg, a branch line of the Spannheimer back and is also found in the coat of arms of some Lower Bavarian cities, such as Eggenfelden, parish churches or Vilshofen, and is also (but in blue) in the large Bavarian Coat of Arms for Old Bavaria. The district coat of arms was introduced in this form in 1957.

Coat of Arms history

The crest design is is originally based on a design of heraldic Prof. Otto Hupp back, whose coat of arms design still showed a blue panther and a crown. In 1900, increasingly went to the then Bavarian Herald's Office requests to the coat of arms of the former eight circles ( the forerunners of today's districts) one, that subsequently presented a request to Otto Hupp. In October 1902, the Bavarian interior ministry request was sent to the Government of Lower Bavaria with a request to consider the need for a representative coat of arms of municipalities. The letter from the appropriate design of Otto Hupp was added. The District Committee expressed interest and unanimously declared his agreement with the design and implementation of the county coat of arms. Otto Hupp subsequently published its draft of the circular coat of arms in 1906 in " Munich Calendar ," which have since been regarded as arms of the circles and used when the official recognition was missing. 1928 need to create an official emblem for the circles by the then Bavarian Minister of the Interior was denied. In 1956 the Landshut painter Franz Högner by the county council commissioned to revise the draft Hupp. An assessment by the competent now the Bavarian Central State Archives demanded this just a change in the color of the Panthers, who had originally been red instead of blue according to recent findings. Since 1957, the current coat of arms is now officially in use.

Economy

Lower Bavaria is partly affected agriculturally due to the fertile loess soils in Gäuboden. Among other things located in this Region of the largest growing area for gherkins in Europe, also has Lower Bavaria share of the largest hops growing region in the world, the Hallertau. Of great importance for the economy as employers, BMW has with its largest car plant in Dingolfing. Unemployment in the district is unevenly distributed across the regions. Thus, the unemployment rate is in the north-eastern counties as Freyung -Grafenau in February regularly at around 13% (2008 of around 7%), in the western counties, which are characterized by mechanical and automotive engineering and also from its proximity to Munich region benefit, only around 3%. As measured by GDP Lower Bavaria is one of the more affluent regions of the EU with an index of 115 (EU27 = 100, Germany: 116 ) (2008 ). In addition, the unemployment figures are in Lower Bavaria, the lowest in the Free State, so show the 2013 figures released by the Federal Employment Agency has an average value of 3.6 % annual average.

Traffic

Road

The District cross the A 3 from Regensburg to Passau, the. A92 from Deggendorf to Landshut and the A 93 from the Hallertau to Regensburg A fourth motorway is the A94 from Mühldorf to Pocking for decades under construction.

In addition, several federal highways form a via local road network. These are the B 8, B 11, B 12, B 15, B 20, B 85, B 299, B 388 and B 533 The Federal Highway 15n is currently under construction.

Train

From the Upper Palatinate Regensburg starting, the two railway lines to Passau and Landshut and Munich main railway lines in the district; they have because of their high gross ton years Last considerable national importance, but a comparatively low degree of modernization (eg only partially to electronic interlockings connected). The railway line Landshut Plattling connects these two. The section of the Regensburg -Ingolstadt Donautalbahn crosses Lower Bavaria in the district of Kelheim.

Then there are the six branch lines Landshut - Mühldorf, Passau - Mühldorf Mühldorf - Simbach, flat Ling- Bavarian Eisenstein, Zwiesel -Grafenau, Zwiesel - ground corn, and Neufahrn - Straubing-Bogen with regular passenger service.

On the railroad tracks Passau Freyung, God cell Viechtach, Eggmühl long Quaid and Landshut sub Neuhausen regular special trips are offered by private operators.

The railway lines Deggendorf Hengersberg, Vilshofen - Neustift - Blindham and Mühldorf - Pilsting are still regularly served in freight transport.

In addition, other rail lines were shut down.

Shipping

With the Danube and the branching near Kelheim Main-Danube canal crosses a major European shipping route Lower Bavaria. To improve the navigability of the Danube section between Straubing and Vilshofen to be regulated river engineering. This is a highly controversial topic of nature conservation reasons.

Traffic

There are a total of eleven airfields in Lower Bavaria:

• Airfield Deggendorf
• Airfield Dingolfing
• Airfield Eggenfelden
• Prince Airfield cell
• Airfield Grafenau
• Airfield Kirchdorf / Inn
• Airport Landshut
• Airfield parish churches
• Airfield Suns
• Airfield Straubing
• Airfield Vilshofen

The largest airports are Straubing at 1350 m, 1160 m Eggenfelden, Vilshofen with 1138m and Landshut with 900 m runway length.

Education

In Lower Bavaria there are a total of three colleges:

• Deggendorf University ( founded in 1994 )
• Landshut University (founded 1978)
• University of Passau ( founded in 1978, previously philosophical- theological college since 1823 )

After the University of Ingolstadt was moved to Landshut in 1800, existed until 1826 already a university in Lower Bavaria. This was then moved to Munich and is now known as Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität further.

District

County Council

Composition

¹ 1954 and 1958 GB / BHE

² On February 27, 2006 lost their ödp Tags District seat by party leaving their district member tags. This District Council joined the CSU.

Tags District President

Tags District President Since 2013 Dr. Olaf Heinrich ( CSU). Vice President Franz Schedl Bauer ( CSU). Max Brandl (SPD ) is next to another Deputy District Tags president.

Government District

Government President