Lupinus albus
Lupinus albus
The White lupine (Lupinus albus) is an annual plant from the group of Fabaceae ( Faboideae ), which is native to the western Mediterranean region and is cultivated in Central Europe.
- 4.1 history
- 6.1 Notes and references
Features
The White lupine is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches a height of 20 to 100 (rarely 180) centimeters. The stems are branched above and adjacent hairy silky shaggy.
The leaves are five to neunzählig fingered. The leaflets are short-stemmed and have a wrong - ovoid shape. The lower leaves are 2.5 to 3.5 inches long and 1.4 to 1.8 inches wide, the top four to six inches long and wide to 1.5 inches. All are pointed, hairy on the upper side glabrous and hand fitting. The stipules are like bristles.
Flowers and Fruit
The flowers are long, loose clusters in five to ten centimeters. The individual flowers are clearly stalked and are arranged opposite one another on the grapes axis. The bracts of the flower stems are obsolete. The cup is eight to nine millimeters long. The upper lip of the calyx is undivided to slightly bidentate, the lower lip is not equal to tridentate and slightly longer than the upper lip. The crown is 15 to 20 millimeters long and white, bluish at the tip of the boat. The scar is spherical and carries on the basis of a hair wreath. Bloom time is in central Europe from June to September.
The legumes are six to ten inches long and 11 to 20 millimeters wide. You stand upright, are beaked, stiff -haired and yellow. They each contain four to six seeds, which are roundish square with a side length of eight to 14 millimeters. The surface is smooth, dull and yellowish white.
Ingredients
The plants such as the seeds contain toxic quinolizidine alkaloids. Two chemotypes can be distinguished: Bitter lupins at 0.3 to 3 percent alkaloid in the seeds, and lupine with from 0.004 to 0.01 percent alkaloid in the herb.
The main alkaloids are lupanine with 47 percent, 13 - Hydroxylupanin with 42 and 10 percent of sparteine alkaloid content. The herb also comes multi Florin ago in significant quantities.
Poisoning are probably also due to the lupine lectins.
Ecology
The flowers are pollinated by bumblebees and other Apiden. It is a pollen butterfly flower that releases pollen by a pumping mechanism. The flowers are protandrous. A self-pollination is complicated by the fringe of hair at the base of the scar.
The propagation is done by spreading the seeds ( Ballochorie ): The mature, dry pods burst in dry weather to light, the White lupine is thus a drying spreader. Here, the fruit flaps roll up spirally. This is done in the crop due to the crosswise wall located cellulose layers. The seeds are thus partly thrown several meters.
Dissemination and locations
The White lupine is native to the western Mediterranean region. In Central Europe it is cultivated and wild rare. Then they can be found in fields and waste places on calcium-poor, sandy soils in warmer locations. The species is less lime and frost sensitive than the yellow lupine ( Lupinus luteus ). It develops faster and gives higher yields, but she needs for normal development more heat.
Use
The White lupine is cultivated because of its high protein and carbohydrate content. The White lupine is a valued food crop and is cultivated in some Mediterranean countries - particularly in Egypt.
It serves as a green or dry fodder crop or as a green manure. Alkaloid varieties are also used as feed grains.
In their traditional areas, the seeds are after processing that removes the bitter substances, used for human consumption: the bread flour, 10 to 20 per cent lupine flour are added. In many countries, soaked and boiled lupine seeds in water sold in markets and in bars as a delicacy ( like sunflower seeds ) offered as a snack. In Italy, Spain, Portugal and some regions of Brazil, it is a very popular snack. (Italian: lupini, Portuguese: Tremoços, Spanish: altramuces or chochos, Catalan: tramussos, basque: eskuzuria, Galician: chícharos de raposo )
History
The beginning of the history of the cultivation of lupine in the old world is often associated with the time of the ancient Egyptian civilization. However, it is likely that started in ancient Greece with the culture where their greatest biodiversity was concentrated and wild forms have been preserved until today ( ssp. graecus ). A feral on the Balkan Peninsula representative of another type of white lupine ( ssp. termis and ssp. Albus) and is now growing in the wild. In addition, the Greek origin of the culture of lupins by its Greek name termis is occupied, which can be translated as " passionate ". The White lupine spread step by step from Greece to neighboring countries, especially Egypt and the Roman Empire. The forms with white seeds and pink and blue or light pink flowers ( L. termis ) spread mainly towards the south (Egypt, Libya and Palestine ) while the forms with white seeds and grayish - blue or white flowers (L. albus) westwards moved ( Apennine Peninsula and on). The cultivation is occupied in the Mediterranean area since the 4th century BC. There are a number ärchäologischer Fund areas, including from the Bronze Age Santorini and a number of places of Roman Egypt. Since the 16th century it is also grown in Germany.
Poisoning
When people come poisoning by the seeds rare. They trigger vomiting, convulsions, paralysis and circulatory disorders. Even deaths have been reported.
Case of livestock, two species occur: ( Lupine poisoning ) poisoning by alkaloids expressed in muscle tremors, agitation, staggering, convulsions, coma and even death of the animals. The second type, the Lupinose is caused by contaminated feed: The fungus Phomopsis leptostromiformis ( deuteromycetes ) forming peptide toxins ( Phomopsine ), the cause of the affected animals, especially sheep, cattle and horses, liver damage. Acute poisoning manifests itself in loss of appetite and jaundice. Death occurs within two to 14 days, at low doses within two months.
Documents
- Siegmund Seybold (Editor): Schmeil Fitschen - interactive ( CD -ROM), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6