Malpighiales

Calophyllum inophyllum, Calophyllaceae

The Malpighienartigen ( Malpighiales ) is one of the largest and most diverse orders of angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ). It contains 39 families, 700 genera and about 16,000 species. To make the Malpighiales about 6% of angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ) and 7.8 % of Eudikotylen from. It is also the order with the most families. Most species of woody plants are Malpighiales, which are mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the New World. There, they have a great ecological importance, because about 28% of woody plants in the understory of tropical rain forests belong to families of this order.

Within the Malpighiales there are many well-known families and genera, as the spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae ), willow family ( Salicaceae ), passion flower plants ( Passifloraceae ), Violet Family ( Violaceae ) and Flax ( Linaceae ). There are also many crops such as flax ( Linum, Linaceae ), willow (Salix, Salicaceae ), passion fruit / Grenadilla (Passiflora, Passifloraceae ), St. John's wort (Hypericum, Hypericaceae ), acerola ( Malpighia, Malpighiaceae ) and cassava (Manihot, Euphorbiaceae ).

Description

Because of this order were assigned by molecular genetic data, the families, they are morphologically very heterogeneous. Common morphological characteristics for all families are scarce.

There are usually Stipules present. Most three carpels are fused into an ovary.

History of classification

The Malpighiales were one of the great unexpected results of molecular systematics. The first evidence for this group came already from the first large molecular systematic study of the flowering plants of Chase et al. (1993). Here are a monophyletic group was found consisting of the families Chrysobalanaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Violaceae, Ochnaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Humiriaceae, Passifloraceae and Malpighiaceae. A close relationship of these families was not suspected in previous classification systems. The first edition of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG I, 1998) recognized the Malpighiales as a new order. The name Malpighiales was awarded in honor of the Italian physician Marcello Malpighi and biologists. The first author, the name Malpighiales is attributed to Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in his " Conspectus regni vegetabilis " (1835 ). However, the APG took the name of Huntchinson (1967). In the two classification before APG by Arthur John Cronquist (1981) and poor Tachtadschjan ( 1997), now known as Malpighiales summarized families were distributed to 10 to 18 orders in the classes Rosidae and Dilleniidae. All phylogenetic studies confirmed the Malpighiales as a clear monophyletic group. However, the relationships between the individual families have so far been poorly reconstructed, and the Malpighiales so far are the least understood order of flowering plants.

Description

The APG II ( 2003) - classification largely followed the 1998 In the latest version APG III (2009 ) are the two families Rafflesiaceae and Calophyllaceae added as new to be recognized families..

The following families are by APG III (2009) to the Malpighiales:

Related Rosids clade within the

The Malpighiales among the Rosids clade within which subgroup € Siden I, the Malpighiales part of the so-called COM clade, are COM stands for Celastrales, Oxalidales and Malpighiales. These three orders make up a well-secured group in which the Malpighiales likely sister to the Oxalidales.

Spindle Tree-like

Sorrel -like

Malpighienartige

References and further reading

  • The order of Malpighiales in APWebsite. (English )
  • The Malpighiales the Tree Of Life Project.
  • VH Heywood, RK Brummitt, A. Culham, O. Seberg: Flowering plant families of the world. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2007, ISBN 978-1-8424-6165-5.
  • PS Soltis, PK Endress, MW Chase, DE Soltis: Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms: Sinauer Associates Inc. Sunderland, 2005, ISBN 0-87893-817-6.
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