Manhattan Bridge

40.707222222222 - 73.990833333333Koordinaten: 40 ° 42 ' 26 " N, 73 ° 59' 27 " W

F1

River East

The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge in New York City that crosses the East River and the two districts of lower Manhattan (Chinatown) and Brooklyn together. Opened on 31 December 1909 but it was only a few months later completed bridge was after the Brooklyn Bridge and the Williamsburg Bridge, the last of the three built over the East River suspension bridges. On their two levels it has today a total of four tracks of the New York City Subway, seven lanes for vehicle traffic and a pedestrian and a bike path.

Description

The Manhattan Bridge, like its predecessor, built of steel pylons and track support, but has a much lighter, which is only part of the architectural design of their appearance. Your consisting of only two vertical pillars towers are each combined with a neo-Gothic pointed arch and a traverse to a portal. In the lateral view, the towers are not wider than the vertical pillars, which led to its designation as a two-dimensional towers. On the traverses rather inconspicuous housings are for the suspension cable on which from a purely architectural reasons, round, reminiscent of pine cone shapes were arranged, who have no other function. Towers on the four support cables run, in which the road vehicle is mounted with vertical hangers. The back of the suspension cable anchorages are located in large buildings at the beginning of the far- reaching into the urban areas ramps that had to be kept flat due to the railroad tracks.

The bridge has two levels: the upper level are located on the outer sides of each two lanes for motor vehicles. The lower level has three car tracks in the middle and two each arranged at the edges of underground tracks for the lines, and the very outside and a foot and a bike path. The three tracks of the lower level can be released as needed for different directions.

The Manhattan Bridge and the Williamsburg Bridge are the only two bridges in New York City, on which still takes place both rail and road traffic.

The bridge is used daily by 320,000 subway passengers, 75,000 vehicles and 3000 pedestrians and cyclists.

The beginning of the ramp in Manhattan at the intersection Bowery / Canal Street since 1916 marked by an enclosed colonnaded archway, which was designed by the architects Carrère and Hastings. The 22 meter high archway, the Porte Saint- Denis in Paris as a model, the elliptical colonnade was inspired by St Peter's Square at the Vatican. On the Brooklyn side, there were two, the two parts of the city representing allegories, but had to give way to traffic and have since set up in the Brooklyn Museum.

The district with the ramps on the Brooklyn side has acquired the name Dumbo - Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass.

Technical details

The bridge is including ramps total of 1856 meters ( 6090 ft) long, according to other sources 2089 m ( 6855 ft). The length of tying back to back anchoring is 890 m ( 2920 ft). Your pylons are 98 meters (322 ft) high. The span is 448 m ( 1470 ft). The four support cables with a diameter of about 53 cm are produced in the air spinning process parallel wire cables. They were at the time of opening of the strongest supporting cable in the world. In them a total of 628 hangers are attached, bearing the 36.6 m wide bridge deck. For the trailer, two ropes were next to each other out over the fastening cuffs on the supporting cables, so that four ropes form a hanger.

At the bridge Leon S. Moisseiff first turned on going back to Joseph Melan Deflektionstheorie, which assumed that floating structures with large net mass act self-stabilizing. After that it was possible to plan a much lighter construction for the bridge, which explain the two-dimensional towers, which should be flexible in the longitudinal direction.

This still in its early construction and the arrangement of the trains on the outer sides led to significant distortion of the bridge girder, the extensive remedial measures required later.

History

A first design for a suspension bridge was created in 1899 by Richard S. Buck. A newly elected city government appointed Gustav Lindenthal in 1902 to the Commissioner of Bridges, who presented their own draft, which was not accepted. His second draft of a chain bridge was heavily discussed, but placed after the election of George B. McClellan, Jr. to the Mayor and the deposition Lindenthals 1904 on the file. The new Bridgestone Commissioner George E. Best Othniel Foster Nichols appointed as Chief Engineer for the new bridge.

He chose a design by Leon S. Moisseiff, an employee of the Bridge Department, for the first time after the planned Deflektionstheorie suspension bridge, which could be significantly lighter than previous bridges. His plan was ever two subway tracks on the outer sides of the bridge before, the four arranged directly below the supporting cables Warren trusses ( Warren truss ) were framed as a reinforcement of the bridge deck. The Warren trusses were also first used in a suspension bridge. About the U -Bahn tracks were provided in a further plane ever two tram tracks. In the middle between the tracks were four lanes for traffic. Ralph Modjeski was during the construction of OF Nichols appointed as Consulting Engineer who surveyed the work on the Manhattan Bridge. The suspension cable were spun in a record time of just four months.

On December 31 1909 the last working day of the Lord Mayor McClellan, the solemn opening took place, although the metro and the tram rails were still missing after the powers had been delegated to them by the Bridge Department on a traffic department. The first walk across the bridge was opened in July 1910 and the first trains crossed the bridge in September 1912. The bridge cost a total of U.S. $ 31 million.

Caused to be arranged on the outer sides of the bridge U- rail with its become over time longer and heavier trains vibration and twisting, which could reach 2.4 m ( 8 ft ) when two trains at the same time on the opposite ends of the bridge drove. As the tram rails were in the 1940s, replaced by roadways, already extensive repair and reinforcement measures had to be carried out. In a 1978 inspection performed extensive cracking and corrosion damage was found, which led to a complete closure of the bridge. In 1982, began a priced to $ 834 million renovation program, during which replaces and enhances many parts of the bridge. In particular carrier to be installed to make the bridge more rigid, the suspension cable to be re- sheathed and all hangers are replaced. The program will be completed in summer 2013. This creates a new footpath on the southern side of the bridge was opened in June 2001, which was used until the inauguration of a new bike path on the north side in the summer of 2004, also by cyclists.

After the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the bridge was closed for a week for each traffic except emergency services. To reduce the traffic congestion in Manhattan, HOV restrictions were subsequently introduced, ie that only passenger cars were registered with at least two occupants.

2009, the year of its centenary, was awarded the Manhattan Bridge from the American Society of Civil Engineers as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.

Subway tracks of the New York City Subway

When the bridge was opened, there were no links to other subway lines. The Manhattan Bridge Three Cent Line ( a street railway company ) began in 1912 with work on the subway tracks, until 1915 the route network of BRT ( Brooklyn Rapid Transit) (BMT, Brooklyn - Manhattan Transit Corporation later) was connected to the bridge. From 1915 to operate until the end of 1929 trams on the lower level of the bridge.

Then the four metro routes fell under the control of the BRT, which already two other routes, even on the Brooklyn Bridge and the Williamsburg Bridge, possessed. Furthermore, among the BRT also three two-lane tunnels that pass led under the East River ( Montague Street Tunnel, 14th Street and 60th Street Tunnel tunnel ). The Brooklyn end of the bridge is always connected to the four-lane stretch of Fourth Avenue Line. On the Manhattan side, however, has changed a lot. When the bridge was built, linking the northern railroad nor the Manhattan Bridge Line to the BMT Broadway Line. Today, that make the Southern Railways, which then veered south to empty into the Nassau Street Line. This route is no longer used today. Since the opening of the Chrystie Street Connection on 26 November 1967, the northern tracks combine this route with the Manhattan Bridge.

The right and left outside traveling on the bridge subway trains caused a sway of the bridge. Due to the lack of maintenance of the New York City Department of Transportation, the route in the past has often had to be closed. Because the northern tracks were increasingly sought after, they had from 1986 to 1988 for the first time to be closed. The Southern Railways in 1988 and 1990 locked when you ran out of a short-term blocking, but lasted until 22 July 2001. The northern tracks were closed in 1995 in not so busy times, but in 2001 were allowed to drive at all no trains there. It was only on 22 February 2004, both sides were reopened.

Film and Television

The Manhattan Bridge has also been used as a backdrop in some movies:

  • Sergio Leone's gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America ( Noodles runs at a young age with his passage through an alley, with the bridge as a background, among other things, on the DVD cover to see )
  • Roland Emmerich's science fiction film Independence Day ( hint of a alien ship to New York)
  • Tony Scott's thriller The Taking of Pelham 123 (Final Scene )

The Manhattan Bridge can be seen on the following movie posters:

  • Sergio Leone's gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America
  • Joseph Kosinski's sci-fi film Oblivion
  • Mark 's film "Threesome - One Night in New York "
  • 4.3.2.1 Noel Clarke and Mark Davis
544049
de