Matura

The Matura Matura or (Latin Maturitas, maturity ') is the final examination of higher education. At the same time it refers to the so acquired education.

Used the term Matura / Matura in Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland German ( there also Matura, Matura examination, analogue in the other languages ​​with the same stem ) and South Tyrol ( there also matriculation examination, state examination). Equivalents in other languages, there are in Italy ( maturità ), Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia - Herzegovina and Poland. In Germany one speaks of high school ( in the sense of leaving school with the school leaving certificate ).

With the school leaving certificate ( Matura or certificate) has the Matura ( in Austria ) or Maturand ( as is common in German-speaking Switzerland designation) the higher education and thus the privilege to study at a university or other higher education institution.

With the professional maturity in Switzerland and Liechtenstein (also: Berufsmatura, Berufsreifeprüfung ) is the admission restricted to a specialized relevant study at a Fachhochschule, in Austria, however, this is just a name for a course of education for working professionals to normal maturation.

Maturity and diploma exam is the expression of the combined Austrian higher education with a vocational qualification, level exam for the Matura in total, as the financial statements of all school divisions are unified.

• 2.1 The Matura before 1995
• 2.2 Matura 1995
• 2.3 Swiss Matura examination
• 2.4 rating

The leaving examination (Matura ) in Austria

The Matura is stored in the Austrian education system, depending on the type of school in the 12th or 13th grade. General education secondary schools ( AHS ) from close in the 12th school year; Higher technical and vocational schools (BHS ) in the 13th year of school.

" Matura " is the colloquial name and " Graduate", the official term.

The Matura is generally taken at the school, who last visited a Matura. For individuals who have not attended secondary school, there is the possibility of Exter Matura or Berufsreifeprüfung. This check is not performed with the same tasks for all students in a grade. The tasks for the exams are only uniform for a school class, those for the oral exams differ from test specimen to specimen. Every teacher can ask questions according to the focus of his teaching. The Matura is thus in contrast to a Central High School in some German Länder or the French Baccalauréat.

Although the exam questions at the State Board of Education, in Vienna at the Vienna Board of Education, or to a special inspector must be submitted, although the graduation from school to school and even within a school from class to class can have a different level. However, the marking of the written examination by the State Board of Education must be confirmed. The oral examination will be held before a committee, in which teachers from other schools are involved.

Since 2008, there have been efforts to introduce a level exam in Austria. In June 2009, the SPÖ and ÖVP agreed Koaltionsparteien to the introduction of a written level exam from 2013 to the AHS and a year later to the BHS.

At the oral examination before a committee receives each candidate per subject, two core material questions of subject matter from the high school, from which he must choose one, and a special question about his specialty chosen in advance. The specialty can be chosen by the students in consultation with the teachers themselves and must deal with a topic that is not included in the core material.

AHS Matura

In general upper- secondary schools is the school-leaving examination (Matura) from 3-4 written tests, each with 4 to 5 hours ( living languages ​​are 5 -hour, mathematics, Latin, Physics, Descriptive Geometry, Biology and all other subjects 4 -hour ) and 3 to 7 orals for 15 to 25 minutes each, plus additional time for preparation. The written tests are usually stored in the course of a week in May. Follow about a month later, the oral examinations and for each high school graduates on a half or full day distributed (depending on the number of tests ).

As part of the graduation candidates have the opportunity to make a specialized paper by early February the inaugural year. This is a short dissertation - comparable to a term paper. If the specialized paper is accepted, reduces the number of tests for each 3 written assignments and three oral exams. Under the new level exam this optional Fachbereichsarbeit by the compulsory so-called pre-scientific work is replaced.

Written examinations in German and mathematics as well as in a ( living or dead ) foreign language are required. The fourth final exam can be taken in another foreign language, computer science, descriptive geometry, biology or physics, provided that in these subjects the school work was written later than the 11th grade.

For the oral exams, the school subjects are divided into several groups:

• Group A: religion, ethics ( in schools that participate in this school experiment ), German, history and social studies, psychology and philosophy, music education, art education
• Group B: Foreign Languages
• Group C: geography and economics, mathematics, descriptive geometry, biology and environmental science, chemistry, physics, computer science

At least one subject from Group B must be selected for the oral examination. What other items have to be selected depends on the type of AHS. The oral test will be public.

Candidates who have written a specialized paper, must in that compartment, which is associated with the work, take the oral examination; but in addition they have to face in the course of that examination an oral examination about their work and present it.

If a candidate has written a specialized paper, it must in the course of his oral Matura also an in-depth, a cross-curricular or pass a supplementary examination.

Whichever of these selected variants of the pupil, he gets two questions, of which he is allowed to select one; in addition, he receives a question from a previously chosen by him with the consent of the examiner specialty that must be complementary to the core material.

The depth Matura is only possible in a subject that the student has chosen the course of high school as an elective. In this field he gets in addition to the two core materials issues and the special question two questions about material areas that have been taken in the elective.

In the interdisciplinary Matura any two test subjects are connected. In addition to the core material and special issues in both subjects the candidate gets two questions - one of which has to be answered - that fit thematically in both compartments, and the answer to which he must also deal with both subjects. As auditor function here the professors of both subjects.

The supplementary examination will be held in any subject in connection with the language or computer science, this language or computer science need not necessarily be chosen as graduation specialist. The student has to answer in addition to the core material and special nuclear material question a question in the selected language.

Vocational school

About 60 % of the Austrian school graduates put their final examination ( maturity and diploma examination ) at one of the many vocational secondary schools (BHS ), which still convey in 5 years of schooling after compulsory school next to the Matura and vocational training with a state final. Depending on the type of school ( field of study), different guidelines apply for it. After a few years of practical professional work the graduates of technical and agricultural BHS allowed - on request to the competent Ministry - lead the professional title engineer. The BHS is a secondary school and no college. Your degree certificate or the diploma of the BHS (comparable " certified technician " in other countries), is recognized at European level as defined by EU Directive 92/51 EEC, Annex D as a vocational training certificate. Graduates can take up a course of study at a university; they thus have the general university.

Uniform maturity and diploma ( level exam )

The current form of the Matura is from 2015/16 is replaced by the new matriculation examination: The AHS Matura and the vocational school with vocational diploma be converted into a standardized maturity and diploma exam for all higher types of schools. It is also called level exam because an Austria -wide uniform judging system is used.

The new final examination consists of three parts. The first pillar is the Pre-scientific work ( final work) with a circumference 40000-60000 character with presentation and discussion. The second column are the exams. The third part consists of the oral tests.

Berufsreifeprüfung in Austria

The 1997 introduced Berufsreifeprüfung ( BRP ) is a -occupational education to a full-fledged university entrance. It is also designed graduate of a vocational middle school or the Polytechnic who are already in employment, provide access to higher education qualifications.

The school leaving certificate

The school leaving certificate contains only the notes of the written and oral exams. The grading is done by scores of 1 (very good) to 5 ( Not enough ). In addition, it contains a summary of the benefits:

• With distinction existed: For a grade point average of 1.5 and a maximum of only "very good " to " satisfactory" ( 3) as part of notes.
• Good Pass: With a grade point average of at most 2.0 and only "very good " to " satisfactory" ( 3) as part notes
• Passed
• Fail: In one or more with 'insufficient' assessed partial tests.

Students who have not passed the Matura at the first time, have the opportunity to repeat the final examination for the secondary appointments in September / October and January / February and in the coming school year.

It has become that in successful completion of the final examination of all candidates of school (sometimes class) the white flag is hoisted symbolic of the high school graduates.

B- Matura

No final examination in the proper sense is the so-called B- Matura Matura or officials. As such, the officers passed rise test is referred to in the public service. It allows civil servants positions in upscale service, with a higher salary and hierarchical level, even without the usual Matura achieve. It corresponds to about a subject-specific technical college and the right to subject-related college degree, such as the Bachelor's studies "Public Management" at the University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, " Military Leadership " at the Theresa Military Academy ( TherMilAk ) and " Police clearance " at the University of Applied Sciences in Wiener Neustadt. Required courses include ( to the full extent of the curriculum of secondary school ), German, History and Social Studies, Geography and Economics, electives two of the following subjects within the scope of the curriculum of a secondary school up to and including the 6th class ( 10th grade ), foreign language, another language mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and environmental science; a foreign language or mathematics must be selected anyway.

Because of the now introduced Berufsreifeprüfung the B- Matura can no longer be stored since 2009, except 2013 for those who completed at least a compulsory subject of the B- Matura to 2008, B- school graduates are still able to achieve as a climbing staff in the civil service leavers items.

History

As Matura ( school leaving examination ) of degree at all secondary schools ( high schools ) was referred to in the former Habsburg multinational state Austria -Hungary and in other German states. The reputation of being the hardest schools in the entire Danube monarchy, had the penultimate turn of the century those in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1866 demanded the Imperial and Royal Polytechnic, today's TU Vienna, A-levels as a prerequisite for admission to a course of study. Until then, the Matura was solely for the boys.

Girls were allowed to take the Matura until 1872 as external students at a boys' high school. Studying they were allowed but only since 1897 at the philosophical and from 1901 also in the faculty of medicine. The first secondary school ( high school for girls ) was founded in 1892 in Vienna. However, the matriculation examinations (Matura) were not long be even performed.

Maturaball

In conjunction with, but usually months before the test in the traditional ball season from November to Shrove Tuesday, hosted almost every class a Matura Matura ball. These extracurricular ball event, which usually takes place outside in rented halls, served mainly to finance the graduation trip in the summer after high school. Over the past years, these events financed by donations Matura Matura wreath developed per class to elaborate ball events, be sold for the tickets. Instead of the previously usual " begging letters " to relatives and politicians to work today with sponsorship and advertising on the ball and in Matura newspapers. This effort is only to deal with when all graduation classes of a school, sometimes several schools join together. For a ball committee for the planning and preparation is formed. Room hire, music, copyright fees, dance school fees for the Polonaise and security services now cost so much that no more profit can be made and parents of high school graduates even have to make a grant. Sought-after rooms have been reserved earlier years, and parents often need several years during the high school put money into an account over. Due to the increasingly difficult situation, there are now focal points for high school graduates, such as the Association for the support of Austrian school graduates and high school graduates inside. The high school graduates are supported by the association in the complete organization of the Matura ball.

The baccalaureate in Switzerland

Also in the Swiss education system, the matriculation examination is called Matura Matura respectively. The current structure of this test in Switzerland was introduced in 1995. The Matura is one of Switzerland only as permission to test free transfer - programs such as medicine except numerus clausus - a cantonal or federal university; they usually entitled not to a technical college, with the latter often has an additional internship be completed. The usual way to the college via an apprenticeship and professional maturity.

Each Matura a Swiss secondary school basically allows the passage in each high school subject. The choice of Matura type therefore represents no fundamental limitation on the later range of study courses dar. Depending on completing his Matura type and chosen course of study, however the study entry more difficult or there are additional lessons to prove at the college in order to follow the lectures can.

The public schools in Switzerland that offer a graduation course are guided by the cantons and are therefore called Canton schools. The term school is often used interchangeably, but mainly for schools that offer courses with Latin lessons. There are in most cantons and private high schools, in which, however, not all have the authority to remove the Matura exam.

The Matura before 1995

The old Matura Recognition Regulation ( MAV ) from the 1960s granted depending on the profile following five types of baccalaureate certificates:

• Type A: altsprachliches school with Greek and Latin
• Type B: High school with Latin and English or the third Swiss national language
• Type C: mathematical and scientific high school
• Type D: modern languages ​​school
• Type E: Wirtschaftsgymnasium
• Type M: choice of musical school

In addition to this type-specific subjects taught the following subjects for all -leaving certificates were considered as a basis: German, second language ( in German Switzerland: French), history, geography, mathematics, biology, physics, chemistry, music or art. In addition, sport was registered as a non -scoring subject in the matriculation certificate. Some cantons were also special other subjects, such as philosophy. Depending on the type of different subjects (so-called " core subjects " ) were counted twice in matriculation certificate.

Next forgave seminaries teaching certificates, the legitimate as well to test free admission to the university level. The teacher seminaries were replaced by the colleges of education.

Matura 1995

Distinction was made between different maturity profiles to 1995, the student now provides for specific rules by the choice of baccalaureate subjects himself a teaching program together ( new baccalaureate recognition MAR Regulations of 15 February 1995, revision June 27, 2007 ).

The examination takes place in at least five subjects that are tested orally and in writing ( in some cantons does not apply to non-language subjects, the oral examination, in other cantons that only applies to mathematics):

• First language
• Second language
• Mathematics
• Major Subject
• Another subject; the conditions for the choice of this subject put the cantons, sometimes even individual schools, firmly.

The results of these tests are included to 50 % of the final grade of the subject, the note of last year also counts 50%. In the subjects without Matura examination counts only the score of last year. Rounding is always in the direction of the audit note or mathematically. There are in some cantons only half notes issued (6, 5.5, 5, 4.5, etc.).

The maturity test is passed if the double sum of all deviations from grade 4 down is not greater than the simple sum of all deviations from grade 4 upwards and not more than four notes were issued under 4.

The result of the Federal Matura consists of the performance of nine baccalaureate subjects. At cantonal schools will each be awarded a cantonal Matura, which is federally recognized; in this different other notes (Matura, philosophy, etc.) are also included depending on the canton.

The Matura examination is tried twice so be repeated once.

Swiss Matura examination

While the conventional tests from school to school are different and in most cases even from teacher to teacher, there is the possibility that Matura examination at national level to complete (Swiss Matura examination ).

Who has not attended a secondary school course (adults) can complete the baccalaureate baccalaureate outside a school in the Swiss Matura Commission. The preparation for these exams takes place in the self-study or in a one-year course in government or private schools. The Matura examination is then stored externally from foreign experts. In Switzerland, every year about 400 people attend the Swiss Matura exam with success.

Grading

In Switzerland, Grade 6 the best and 1 the lowest grade, enough are all notes from 4 upwards. To determine the notes is often considered the formula ( linear function ):

From one canton to the Regulations on the marks are slightly different. However, one in each compartment, are carried out in the baccalaureate exams, each section of the grace note / experience touch and examination marks, rounded to the nearest half note. What is checked in each individual subject, you can see on the following table ( in different speaking parts of Switzerland is the first / second language logically different):

In addition to these examination subjects are also already in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd class completed subjects such as Visual Arts or music instrument.

Italy

In Italy is colloquially and historically " esame di maturità " (literally: Graduate ) spoken. Officially called the Matura today esame di stato (state exam).

Macedonia

Students who want to study after high school in Macedonia must pass the Matura.

The conclusion is, State Guard матура ( " State Matura " ) or simply матура ( " Matura ").

The students must pass four exams at the Matura:

• Native language ( Macedonian, Albanian or Turkish): Knowledge of the literature and grammar about every 4 years high school, as well as essay writing.
• Mathematics / foreign language: Students choose whether they will take the examination in Mathematics ( Basic or Advanced Level ) or a foreign language (usually English, German, French or Russian).
• Two issues of your choice of the student
• A project task