Melastomataceae

Miconia calvescens with the typical for this family Blattaderung against the permanent leaves

The Black Mouth family ( Melastomataceae ) is a plant family of the order Myrtenartigen ( Myrtales ). The approximately 4,500 species are distributed mainly in the tropics almost worldwide. Some species are used as ornamental plants.

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Two features make the species of the subfamily Melastomatoideae almost always easily recognizable:

The Vein of the leaf consists of three or more (up to nine ) arching from the blade root to the blade tip extending main veins ( looks a little like parallel-veined from ). These main conductors are connected to one another by more or less at right angles to side branch veins.

The second typical feature of the subfamily Melastomatoideae ( it is absent in some taxa ) are the particular appendage of anthers of different shapes, but mostly pfriemenförmige or lanceolate appendages that are claw-like bent. In the picture of Tibouchina urvilleana example, the hook-shaped extended appendages are clearly visible. Often there is a flower in several types of anthers.

Appearance and leaves

The species of Melastomataceae are very different diverse. There are both annual to perennial herbaceous plants, including vines; and woody taxa: shrubs, trees and lianas. You are one of those families of the three furrows pollen dicotyledons with most epiphytes. The young shoot axes are often square.

The simple leaves are always opposite or whorled. Very few species are due to the reduction of a sheet per pair of leaves apparently alternate. The leaves are hairy quite different. Stipules are not available.

Inflorescences, flowers, pollination and fruit

The flowers are usually in multi-flowered inflorescences, rarely alone. The flowers are in the subfamily Melastomatoideae often intensely colored, being formed in some types of camera show by bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry to strongly zygomorphic. The perianth is usually four or fünfzählig. Calyx and corolla are on a floral axis formed by the flower cups, which surrounds the ovary. The ratios of the generative flower organs are quite different.

Pollination is by animals. In the Melastomataceae nectar production is rare. Most species of the subfamily Melastomatoideae are visited by pollen -collecting bees, shake with thoracic vibrations pollen by anther pores. The characteristic anther appendages function as a support for the bees legs.

The fruits are sorted by Tribus capsule fruits or berries.

Ingredients

Many of the Melastomataceae accumulate aluminum. In the ashes of some species can be up to 20 % Al ions be included.

Use

Various types contained in different parts of the plant dyes. In particular, black and yellow colors occur. Some species are therefore used as dye plants. Leave The edible berries of the genus Miconia after drinking for this reason a black mouth. A German name of the family is therefore also " black mouth plants".

Some species provide timber, for example Mouriri species (trade name: Pau ripa ) and Dactyloclados stenostachys.

Some Tibouchina species are used as ornamental plants in the tropics often as street trees ( for example, Tibouchina granulosa, Tibouchina mutabilis ).

Occurrence

Overall, the family Melastomataceae is restricted to the tropics to subtropics around the world. Only one genus ( Rhexia ) also occurs in temperate areas of North America. In the Neotropics, there are 3,000 species, 1,000 species occur in Asia, in Africa, there are 240 species and 230 species are native to Madagascar. Three species are found only in Madagascar.

Most species of the Melastomataceae family belong to the herbaceous layer of tropical forests, where they are found both in rain forests as well as in dry forests. Especially in secondary societies, which occurs after disruption of the original forests, you will find many of them.

System

The Melastomataceae family in 1789, set up by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, p 328, referred to there as " Melastomae ". Type genus is Melastoma L.. Melastoma is composed of the Greek words for black mela nd stoma for your mouth, because if the edible, purplish - blue berries of the type genus stain the mouth black. Synonyms for Melastomataceae Juss. are: Memecylaceae DC, Mouririaceae Gardner..

Important edits the scheme of Melastomataceae family were carried out in the following works: Augustin- de Candolle Pyrame: Mémoires sur la famille the Mélastomacées, In: Prodromus systematis Naturalis Regny Vegetabilis, Volume 3, 1828, pp. 99-102; Charles Victor Naudin: Melastomacearum monographicae descriptiones, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, Series III, 1849-1853; José Triana Jéronimo: Les Melastomacées, In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume 28, 1871, pp. 1-188; Célestin Alfred Cogniaux: Melastomaceae, monograph Phanerogamarum, 7, 1891, pp. 1-1256; Susanne S. Renner: Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae, In: Nordic Journal of Botany, Volume 13, 1993, pp. 519-540; Gudrun Clausing & Susanne S. Renner: Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution, In: American Journal of Botany, Volume 88, Issue 3, 2001, pp. 486-498.

The Melastomataceae family is with 180 to 200 genera and 4500 species, most species of the order of Myrtenartigen ( Myrtales ).

The Melastomataceae family again contains three subfamilies with 156 to 166 genera and 4050-4500 species ( depending on whether the Olisbeoideae / Memecylaceae are included or not). There used to be another subfamily, which is a separate family Crypteroniaceae by Renner 2006. The subfamilies are divided into tribes.

  • Subfamily Olisbeoideae Burnett, Syn: Memecylaceae DC:. Contains six genera with 350-435 species nearly worldwide.
  • Subfamily Kibessioideae Naudin: it contains only one tribe: Tribus Kibessieae Crass: it contains only one genus: Pternandra Jack: The approximately 15 species are common in Southeast Asia.
  • Subfamily Melastomatoideae Naudin: it contains by Renner 1993 and Clausing & Renner 2001, eight tribes since two tribes were incorporated into another, and a newly erected and three reactivated, so there are 2013 ten tribes: Tribus Astronieae Triana: It is common in Southeast Asia. It contains three to four genera Astrocalyx, Astronia, Astronidium, Beccarianthus (sometimes in Astronidium ) with a total of about 160 species.
  • Tribus Blakeeae Benth. & Hook. f ( Ex.: Pyxidantheae Triana ): The only two instead of three genera Blakea and chalybea with a total of 105-195 species are widespread in the Neotropics. The centers of biodiversity are the Choco- Andean region of South America and the mountains in Costa Rica and Panama. There are species from the Mexican state of Chiapas instead to the Amazon region of Bolivia, Brazil and French Guyana. Three species occur on Caribbean islands. The usually relatively large, showy flowers are sechszählig. Pollination is by bees, birds, bats and rodents. Mites and ants live in communities with many species of this tribe in deciduous leaves and Domatien to the stem axis. Are formed berries.
  • Tribus Cyphostyleae: it contains by Michelangeli 2011, the three genera: Allomaieta, Alloneuron and Wurdastom with a total of about 18 species.
  • Tribus Dissochaeteae ( Naudin ) Triana ( Syn: Oxysporeae Triana, Triana Sonerileae )
  • Tribus Henrietteeae Penneys, Michelang, Judd & Almeda. Contains three genera: Bellucia, Henriettea and Kirkbridea with a total of 50-87 species.
  • Tribus Melastomeae ( Syn: Osbeckieae DC. ): The approximately 47 genera and 870 species are widespread in both the Paläotropis and in Neotropics. The center of biodiversity has 30 genera and about 570 species South America, in Africa arrive before 185 species in Madagascar, India, Indonesia and Malaysia, there are respectively 50 species and four species are native to northern Australia and Japan. There are fruit capsules formed and the embryo is curved.
  • Tribus Merianieae Triana: The approximately 16 genera with about 230 are common in the Neotropics. Are formed capsule fruits.
  • Tribus Miconieae DC. It is distributed in the Neotropics. Are formed berries.
  • Tribus Microlicieae Naudin: It is distributed in the Neotropics, with about 90 % of the species found only in the highlands of eastern and central Brazil. Since Michelangeli 2013 still contain the six genera Chaetostoma, Lavoisiera, Microlicia, Rhynchanthera, Stenodon and Trembleya.
  • Tribus Rhexieae DC. It was reactivated by Michelangeli 2013 with three genera Rhexia, Arthrostemma and Pachyloma.
  • Not classified in one of the tribes are: Macro Centrum Hook. f
  • Vietsenia C.Hansen
  • Acanthella Hook. f: The only two species occur in Venezuela, Colombia and the Rio Negro.
  • Aciotis D.Don ( syn.. Spennera Mart ex DC. ): The approximately 13 species are distributed from southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil, as well as the Lesser Antilles.
  • Acisanthera P.Browne ( Syn: Anisocentrum Turcz, Noterophila Mart, uranium Thera Naudin. . ): The approximately 20 species are distributed from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Argentina and the West Indies.
  • Adelobotrys DC. ( Syn: Davya DC, Marshallfieldia JFMacbr, Sarmentaria Naudin. . ): The approximately 25 species are distributed from Mexico to Bolivia and Peru and is found in Jamaica. The center of diversity is in the Amazon.
  • Allomaieta Gleason ( Syn: Cyphostyla Gleason ): The only three species occur only in Colombia.
  • Allomorphia flower: It occurs in southern China, India, Indonesia and Malaysia.
  • Alloneuron Pilg. ( Syn: Meiandra Markgr. ): The approximately seven species occur in the Andes.
  • Amphiblemma Naudin: The approximately 13 species are distributed in tropical West Africa.
  • Amphorocalyx Baker: The five species are found only in Madagascar.
  • Anaectocalyx Triana ex Benth. & Hook. f: The only three species occur only in Venezuela.
  • Anerincleistus Korth. ( Syn: Creaghiella Stapf, Krassera O.Schwartz, Perilimnastes Ridl, Phaulanthus Ridl, Pomatostoma Stapf. . ): The approximately 30 species are common in India and Malaysia's.
  • Antherotoma ( Naudin ) Hook. f: The only two species both occur in Africa, one in Madagascar.
  • Appendicularia DC:. Contains only one type: Appendicularia thymifolia ( Bonpl. ) DC. It occurs in the Guiana and northeastern Brazil.
  • Aschistanthera cristanthera C.Hansen: It occurs only in Vietnam.
  • Barthea barthei ( Hance ex Bentham ) Crass: It comes with two varieties available in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan.
  • Bisglaziovia behurioides Cogn. It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
  • Boerlagea grandifolia Cogn. It occurs only in Borneo.
  • Boyania ayangannae Wurdack: It occurs only in Guyana.
  • Brittenia subacaulis Cogn. It occurs only in Sarawak.
  • Cailliella praerupticola Jacq. - Fél. It is widespread in tropical West Africa.
  • Campimia wrayi ( King) Ridl. ( Syn: Oxyspora wrayi ( King) JFMaxwell, Allomorphia wrayi King): It occurs only on the Malay Peninsula.
  • Carionia elegans Naudin
  • Catocoryne linnaeoides Hook. f: It occurs only in Peru.
  • Comoliopsis neblinae Wurdack: It comes in Venezuela only on the Cerro de la Neblina ago.
  • Cyphotheca montana Diels: It comes at altitudes 1000-2400 meters before only in the southern and south-western Yunnan.
  • Desmocelis villosa ( Aubl. ) Naudin: It comes in savannas of Venezuela prior to Brazil and Bolivia.
  • Dionychastrum A.Fern schliebenii. & R.Fern. It occurs in tropical Africa.
  • Diplarpea paleacea Triana: It occurs in Ecuador and Colombia.
  • Ekmaniocharis crassinervis Urb. ( Syn: Mecranium crassinerve ( Urb. ) Skean ): It occurs only in Haiti.
  • Enaulophyton lanceolatum Steenis ( Syn: Phyllagathis steenisii Cellin. ): It occurs only in Malaysia.
  • Eriocnema acaulis Triana: It occurs in the south - central Brazil.
  • Feliciadamia stenocarpa ( Jacq. - Fél. ) Bullock: It occurs only in Guinea.
  • Fritzchia erecta Cham. It occurs in the south - central Brazil.
  • Kendrickia walkeri Hook. f: It occurs only in southern India and Sri Lanka.
  • Kerriothyrsus tetrandrus ( MPNayar ) C.Hansen: It occurs only in Laos.
  • Lithobium cordatum Bong. It occurs in the southern - central Brazil.
  • Loricalepis duckei Brade: It occurs only in the upper Rio Negro.
  • Maguireanthus ayangannae Wurdack: It occurs only in Guyana.
  • Mallophyton chimantense Wurdack: It occurs only in Venezuela.
  • Mommsenia apleura Urb. & Ekman: It occurs only on Hispaniola.
  • Neblinanthera cumbrensis Wurdack: It comes from Venezuela to northwestern Brazil ( Cerro de la Neblina ) ago.
  • Necramium gigantophyllum Britton: It occurs only in Trinidad.
  • Nepsera aquatica ( Aubl. ) Naudin: It is widespread mainly from Central America, Colombia and Venezuela and along the coasts of Ecuador and the Guiana and Brazil, and also occurs in the West Indies.
  • Nerophila gentianoides Naudin: They occur in tropical West Africa.
  • Ochthephilus Repentinus Wurdack: It occurs only in Venezuela.
  • Opisthocentra clidemioides Benth. & Hook. f: It comes from Colombia and Venezuela ago to the northern Brazil (Rio Negro).
  • Podocaelia tubulosa ( Sm ) A.Fern. & R.Fern. They occur in tropical West Africa.
  • Pseudosbeckia swynnertonii ( Bak. f ) A.Fern. & R.Fern. Tropical East Africa it thrives only in Chimanimani mountains in Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
  • Sande Mania hoehnei ( Cogn. ) Wurdack: It occurs in Venezuela, Brazil and Peru.
  • Schwackaea cupheoides ( Benth. ) Cogn. It comes from the Mexican state of Oaxaca to Colombia before.
  • Stenodon gracilis mountain ex Triana: It occurs only in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Goiás.
  • Stussenia membranifolia ( HLLi ) C.Hansen: It occurs only in Vietnam.
  • Styrophyton caudatum ( Diels ) SYHu ( Syn: Anerincleistus caudate Diels, Allomorphia caudata ( Diels ) HLLi, Oxyspora spicata JFMaxwell. ): It comes in altitude 400-1500 meters only in Guangxi and Yunnan ago.
  • Tateanthus duidae Gleason: It occurs only in Venezuela.
  • Tetraphyllaster rosaceum Gilg: They occur in tropical West Africa.
  • Tigridiopalma magnifica C.Chen: It comes in altitude of about 400 meters before only in Guangdong ( Xinyi, Yangchun ).
  • Tryssophyton merumense Wurdack: It occurs only in Guyana.

Swell

  • The Melastomataceae family with their subfamilies in the APWebsite. (Sections systematics and description)
  • The Melastomataceae at DELTA family. ( Description section )
  • The website of the family Melastomataceae. (English )
  • Jie Chen & Susanne S. Renner: Melastomataceae, pp. 360 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 (sections systematics and description)
  • Susanne S. Renner: Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae, In: Nordic Journal of Botany, Volume 13, 1993, pp. 519-540: full-text PDF.
  • Gudrun Clausing & Susanne S. Renner: Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution, In: American Journal of Botany, Volume 88, Issue 3, 2001, pp. 486-498: full-text PDF.
  • Susanne S. Renner: Multiple Miocene Melastomataceae dispersal in between Madagascar, Africa and India, In: Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Volume 359, Issue 1450, 2004, pp. 1485-1494. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1530
  • Fabián A. Michelangeli, Paulo Guimaraes JF, Darin S. Penneys, Frank Almeda & Ricardo Kriebel: Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae ( Melastomataceae ), In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 171, Issue 1, 2013, S. 38-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01295.x ( section systematics)
Ovary (botany) Berry Aluminium Rainforest Augustin Pyramus de Candolle Malesia Cambodia Cameroon Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service
563186
de