Metro station
As Metro Station (alternatively, metro station, abbreviated U- Bf. , Or U -Bahn station. ) Are referred to stations of different rapid transit systems (metro, light rail, etc. ). You may be located both in deep level, at grade or high position. The designation is based primarily on the physical condition of the building and not on operational aspects, such as the operation of a subway system from. So is an important requirement for the appropriate designation of the independent influences of other road users roadway. This is ensured by the application of structures crossing over or under the rails. In addition today in many places the technical equipment which, due to the independent rail infrastructure, in many cases enables a fully automated handling of trains.
In local transport networks subway stations often take a node function. They serve as important local transfer point for bundling or distribution of flows. This may on the one hand, be Umstiege between two rapid transit lines as well as to the transition in lower-rated transport such as tram or bus.
- 5.1 See also
- 5.2 Literature
- 5.3 External links
General
In some German cities that have a subway network, instead of U -Bahn station is almost exclusively the term metro station uses, such as in Vienna. In Hamburg, the term subway stop is used.
Underground stations are outside visibly marked by an appropriate sign. In Germany it is - at least since the 1980s - the white "U" on a blue square in Vienna on a blue circle. In Berlin, previously to identify a white " U" used on a subject on the narrow side of rectangle, in Hamburg, the large "U" only had a blue outline.
Depending on the version and available ground stations have the part as a construction entrance hall. In any case, a staircase leading to the underground subway station, most escalators. An underground station is considered to be accessible if it has elevator system (s) or ramps or walkways that lead from the street level to the platform level. Since 2004, all metro stations in Vienna equipped with a lift or accessible at ground level and are therefore accessible. In Munich, this is the case.
While the subway stations now are vacant, mostly in Germany, for example, are in London and in many eastern countries the stations staffed. These are - especially in the entrance area - the service ( ticketing, help with disabilities) and security of the service, the areas of the platforms and stairs are usually monitored by cameras. In most German stations, there are also emergency phones and emergency stop switch.
Subway stations are often named after topographical names in the vicinity, for example, after the place name of a city neighborhood, the district or railway stations, especially in the downtown area of major cities for streets, parks or buildings. Furthermore, the name can recall former buildings, such as the Metro Station Görlitz Bahnhof in Berlin or the subway stations Stubentor and Schottentor in Vienna. More rarely, the station names on a connection to topographic objects and bears the name of a person or a topic such as the station Lakweon (Korean for Lustgarten, Paradise) the Pyongyang Metro, possibly to its glorification. Usually have switch stations between two or more metro lines have the same name, this is however in systems mainly Eastern European countries not necessarily the case. There is a train station with several lines have quite different names depending on line.
Designs
The designs of metro stations can be, according to the platform level in which they are built, in three supertypes ( low position, single storey and high elevation ) differentiate. The physical structures of an equal level similar to each other and the respective specific events are adjusted.
All designs are the common variants of the platform assembly. These can be located in both Central as well as in the lateral position. Each of the variants has its pros and cons. To allow side platforms a straight entrance and exit of trains because of this the tracks do not have to be pivoted. This has a quiet location of vehicles in particular for standing passengers before disembarking and after getting the result. The driver has a good view of the tracks. It occurs less wear and tear on track or wheel rim, as a lateral acceleration is avoided. There is also the possibility of the platform length or width also subsequently adapt. The disadvantages, however, are the need of dual equipment with stair systems, installations and fixtures on the platform level. This also extends to the technical monitoring systems and the use of personnel for supervision platform a double cast is required. Normally, both of the platforms are arranged opposite to each other. In several cities the platforms was such, due to site-specific conditions but also consecutively or spread over different levels running.
The central platforms provide you with the direct alternative. Here at peak load, the full width of the platform for a load direction is available. The orientation of the user is facilitated, and an economic organization, in particular the stairways possible. With the use of personnel to train despatch here a more economical solution is possible. The faces at the platform can accommodate operating rooms and sweeping or control tracks. The disadvantages are particularly justified by the Verziehungsstrecken front of and behind the platform. Here are in addition to the acceleration and braking forces side accelerations which affect appreciably on standing passengers. The required expansions of the running tunnel leading to higher construction costs.
At stations with particularly high frequency of use of the so-called Spanish solution has sporadically enforced. Here the track is accessed from two sides with platforms and organized ideally on one side of the doorway and on the other side of the entry. For this purpose, then serve a central platform in combination with two side platforms. So trains can be handled in a shorter period of time. A very early example of this is the Chambers Street subway station in the network of the New York subway in 1913 Other examples also exist in the Metro Charles de Gaulle -. Étoile in Paris, in the Sheppard - Yonge Subway Station in Toronto or as a recent example from 2004 in the Düsseldorf Metro Station ESPRIT Arena / Messe Nord.
Shaping
General
The architectural and artistic design of subway stations has already been addressed with the construction of the first buildings and implemented. In Berlin each of the major periods of construction had a major responsible architect. So it was Alfred Grenander, Bruno Grimmek and Rainer G. Rümmler whose design signature still characterize the Berlin metro stations. It was the same with Paolo Nestler at the Munich subway, where here even several metro stations were also designed by the Metro Unit. In the 1990s, contracts were awarded to different architectural firms not propagated. Thus, the Stuttgart office Auer Weber Associates designed together with the light artist Ingo Maurer the opened on May 23, 1998 Underground Station West Cemetery.
The direct commissioning soaked in some cases, but also the competition for the best design solution. So was conducted a design competition as part of the redesign of the floor of the lock in operation since the 1970s underground and S-Bahn Marienplatz in Munich, won the office Allmann Sattler Steelers for themselves. As part of the planning for the Wehrhahnlinie in Dusseldorf, an international competition was held for all Metro Stations of the total distance. This was supported by the Office of netzwerkarchitekten a concept for the entire line developed, which staged the sequence of the individual subway stations as a space continuum.
Design of the Métro stations in Paris
Construction
In the subway stations running in low position between three general methods of construction ( Open construction, Enclosed structures and special procedures ), a distinction in the construction. This has its background often in several factors. Thus, the respective condition of the building and the ground water conditions play a major role and thus to the planned depth and extent of the tunnels. In addition, the extent and nature of the proposed surface uses or special technical requirements of the building can play an important role. A special impact also takes on the to be built with the Metro Station route to execute upcoming construction.