Miner

Bergmann ( also miners, squire, miners and colliers ) is the job title for a person who promotes raw materials in a mine. There are both under - and above-ground mining, the names of these are civil engineering and surface mining.

The patron saint of miners, Saint Barbara. As a mountain Habit the traditional clothing of miners is called, but this is not uniform everywhere.

Vocational

In the industrialized countries of Europe and North America, the profession of miner has become rare since the sites are largely exploited for raw materials and make the complex to be tapped deposits, the exploitation currently uneconomical. The principal mining product of the 19th and 20th century, the coal has been displaced for sustainable energy generation in ships, railways, power plants and heating by oil and gas. Also salt is mined rare today for cost reasons in potash and mainly obtained from sea water or brine. In the early days of oil production oil sand was recovered in the mining of Ölmuckeln yet. Meanwhile, mining was stopped in Germany in 1963.

Sex

Due to the heavy physical work that requires this activity, were and are the majority of the miners from a global and historical observation men. However, children and sometimes women were also always used for these activities because they were cheaper labor on the one hand and on the other hand are better able to enter into narrow and small cleats because of their smaller body size. Today, there are, among others, in Latin America, women and children who work underground. In Europe it was until the mid 19th century miners. Later, the work of women was banned in mining. In Article 2, an agreement between the International Labour Organization in 1935 has been set:

Germany has ratified this Convention on 15 November 1954. On April 25, 2008, Germany, like many other states also terminated this Agreement in accordance with a previous judgment of the European Court, since it is contrary to the Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment. On 20 January 2009, approved the third SME Relief Act in parliament, thus, the amendments to the Federal Mining Act into force on 25 March 2009, the imaginary as a protection clause prohibition of work for women has been deleted underground.

Miners in Latin America

In Latin America, the minero ( Spanish, Portuguese mineiro, Pl mineros or Mineiros ) a mostly indigenous miners in copper, silver or gold mines.

The working conditions of the Latin American miners are very bad. Health and safety regulations, as are common in Europe, found in local mines as good as nowhere application. As a particularly bad examples, the Bolivian mines are in Potosí. There are also working today (as of 2005 ) for about 6500 children and young people for the silver mines, of which about 800 underground. The daily wage is $ 4 and the average life expectancy of Mineros is there in 38 years. The accident rate is correspondingly high. Hunger, fear, fatigue, pain and possibly reduce the Mineros by regular chewing of coca leaves. Due to the toxic blast fumes mortality among the miners is even greater. The social misery of the miners' families joins the poor working conditions the Mineros, their incomes their families live. As a further consequence there is a large illiteracy and poor average general education as the children of these families, if at all, only able to obtain a low level of education, as they must also provide for the preservation of the family by outside employment.

Semantics of the word " buddy "

In the miners' language, the term buddy is used as a synonym for " miner " regional. Outside these specific meaning, the word in common parlance as a friendly labeling within the meaning of comrade, " nice guy " or " friend " used. It is derived from sidekick or partner. This word originally referred to someone with whom one shares one's bread (Latin: * companio ).

Accidents

The International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions estimates that worldwide about 12,000 annually miners are in their work lives. According to the South African Union of Mineworkers National Union of Mineworkers died 1984-2005 over 11,100 miners in the mines of South Africa.

Miners Memorial

In Osnabrück (Lower Saxony), the steel plant director and Senator August Haarmann continued in 1909, the occupation of a miner with the hair man a memorial fountain. The system was created in 1909 by the sculptor and poet Adolf Graef. The fountain is one of the oldest monuments workers in Germany. The bronze sculpture depicts a slightly larger than life miner who strikes a vein of water. Haarmann, who came from a humble background, had earned his degree as a miner.

Glory days

In the GDR there was a year on the first Sunday in July, the day of the miner and energy worker. On this occasion the best and most deserving miners have each been awarded. This holiday is celebrated in some regions ( on a private basis ) today.

Miners in art

• The Stars Look Down by AJ Cronin
• Wisp and Fire by Max von der Grün
• Germinal by Émile Zola
• Rocket Boys by Homer H. Hickam
• Women and Mining, testimonies from five centuries. Exhibition of the German Mining Museum in Bochum, from August 29 to December 10, 1989, Bochum 1989
• Klaus Tenfelde: Social History of the Miners' Union at the Ruhr in the 19th century, Bonn: 1981, 738 pp.
• Heinrich Imbusch: employment and workers' organization in the German Mining ( Reprint of the ed food: 1908) Berlin / Bonn: 1980, 720 pp.
• Otto Hue: The miners - Historic representation of the miners ratios from the oldest to the most recent times ( Reprint of the ed Stuttgart: 1910 ) Berlin / Bonn: 1981, 2 volumes

• Camaraderie of G. W. Pabst (1931 )
• The Molly Maguires by Jack Kehoe (1969 )
• Sonnensucher by Konrad Wolf ( uranium mining the Wismut in the Saxon Erzgebirge in the 1950s, 1972)
• Lots of coal by A. Winkelmann (1981 )
• Red Earth by Klaus Emmerich (1983 )
• Superstau by Manfred Stelzer (1991 )
• Germinal by C. Berri (1993 )
• The end of all dreams of Mort Ransen (1995 )
• Brassed Off by M. Herman ( drama about the closure of a coal mine in England, 1996)
• The Light in Dark Places by R. Jungert (1969 ) and by K. Heidel Bach ( 2003)
• Schultze gets the blues by M. Schorr (2003)
• Blind Shaft of Li Yang (Silver Bear 2003)
• The Devil's Miner K. Davidson and R. Ladkani (children as miners, 2005)
• Crime scene, episode # 704: The black grave (2008)

Stamp ( 1957) series helper of mankind: miner with pick hammer

Stamp ( 1957) series helper of mankind: Miner at coal plow

Stamp ( 1957) series helper of mankind: slinger to the trolley