Monadology
The Monadology (from the Greek monas: One, unit ) is founded by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz monads and title of the work from 1714, in which he outlines in this 90 paragraph. The explained there monadology is the doctrine of monads or simple substances or last elements of reality and is serving for the solution of metaphysical problems core of the philosophy of Leibniz.
It should be noted that the work of a comprehensive description of Leibniz's philosophical system offers as such and as such was not provided by him for publication. Rather, Leibniz wrote the text with the aim to explain the metaphysical component of his philosophical system circle of scholars around the French Platonist Nicolas François Remond. The text was Leibniz Remond in July 1714 under the title Eclaircissement sur les Monades come. The German title monadology was chosen by Heinrich Köhler in his first translation into German in 1720.
Content
The Urmonade is God; all other monads are their products; they can only be destroyed or created by God and not arise or pass away by itself. The world consists of aggregates of many monads, all of which, however, insofar as it as entelechies are different from each other and working autonomously as they appetite and the ability to have perception (principle of multiplicity in unity ). Perceptions are in principle not be explained by mere mechanical reasons: Even if one could build a machine that would be capable of perceptions and which one could enter, you would only find yourself bumping inside parts, but never an explanation for perception.
Every plant, every mineral_to_dig, yes all matter particles ( down to the smallest infinite, the monad itself) is a body of ( contingent ) Related monad, each with varying degrees of unconscious ideas ( the standard by which all monads are different from each other ); Monads as animal souls have sensation and memory. The human soul ( spirit ) is also a monad, and differs only in that of the animals, as it is rational ( qua principle of sufficient reason and principle of contradiction ). In addition comes to perceptions and appetite ions in the human soul nor the apperception added - self-perception and self-confidence - and insight into the necessary and eternal truths, which a possible idea of God itself is connected ( Leibniz hereby also combines a disposition of the people ( or. ghosts) to the social union in the moral world of the theocracy ).
Every monad revolves in itself - nothing comes out of it and nothing into them: they " [ ... ] have no windows through which anything could something or a - leak ", so they can also exert no effect on each other, but although they each for itself, " [ ... ] a perpetual living mirror of the universe " are. Every monad expresses as a living mirror of the world from their perspective, depending on the level of being. However, they perceived, except for God who has provided for full proportionality, the universe never fully in all clarity, since they always clearly presents its affiliated bodies as the rest
The relation of monads is guaranteed by the theory of pre-established harmony, qua which God the perfection of monads (but equally from the beginning of things, and for all time ) with one another, from which their efficiency derives each other: The more perfect, ie all the more. reality more a creature holds, the more reasons there are qua its nature a priori, that it exerts effect on another creature. In a synchronous manner the associated monads are active when they have clear perceptions and suffer when they have confused perceptions.
Only God has adequate and full factual monadological ideas, since he, as the highest and absolutely perfect substance ( " Original unit " or " primary substance " ), also the highest level of reality in it, which is not limited by anything. God is the only power that determined by the being of monads: Since monads are not subject to the natural rise and fall of the composite parts of the body due to its simplicity, it can only result from creation and decay only by destruction.
Swell
Expenditure
- GW Leibniz: Monadology (French / German ). Translated and edited by Hartmut Hecht, Stuttgart: Reclam, 1998, ISBN 3-15-007853-9.
- Nicholas Rescher: G. W. Leibniz 's Monadology. An Edition for Students, Pittsburgh 1991 (480 pages), ISBN 0-8229-5449-4 French text, English translation, parallel passages in other works and comment