Monguor language

Spoken in

• Mongolian languages Südmongolische languages

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The Mangghuer, also Monguor (including outdated Mongorisch ) Monghuol, Tu or Tuzuyu (土族 语) called, is a Mongolian language. It is spoken in China, in the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai.

• 4.1 Verbs with different valence
• 4.2 causative
• 4.3 Further Remarks

Sociolinguistic situation

Mangghuer is still spoken by about a quarter of the population of Monguor or Tu. Originally from the Chinese designation Tu is however perceived by the speakers themselves to be pejorative. There are very few monolingual speakers. As a second language, especially Amdo Tibetan and Chinese to be learned. Due to the strong language contact language has adopted many features of the (in the broadest sense) surrounding Tibetan, Sinitic and Turkish languages.

Mangghuer part of the Qinghai- Gansu - Sprachbund. One can divide the language in the Huzhu dialect and the Minhe dialect. The dialects differ mainly in their phonology.

Phonology and orthography

With its phoneme inventory and the simple syllable structure (maximum CCVC ) resembles very Mangghuer the surrounding Sinitic languages. Therefore, the developed for the Chinese Pinyin could be well adapted for the Mangghuer. The developers were Zhu Yongzhong, Wang Xianzhen, Hu Ping and Hu Jun ( all native speakers of Mangghuer ).

There is only a small amount of consonant clusters that may be on the beginning of a syllable, and only a few consonants that occur at the final syllable. The syllable structure can be simplified as follows represent:

Vowel harmony as a common feature of Mongolian languages ​​do not exist in Mangghuer. Despite strong Sinitic influence it is also not a tonal language. The emphasis is predictable, originally Mongolian words are usually stressed on the last syllable. In words with Chinese roots, however, is a move toward phonemic differences in emphasis, ie to observe sound when they wear high tones on syllables that are not at the end of the word.

Morphosyntax

General

Mangghuer is an SOV language: subjects and objects in front of the verb, nominal modifiers ( adjectives, participles, genitive phrases and relative clauses ) stand before the noun, and there are postpositions. There are only suffixes and enclitics ( trailing clitics ). Clitics are affixes which do not specialize in a particular word category, but appear at the end of phrases, ie Noun phrases, Postpositionalphrasen, or nominalized sentences. However, they are opposed to postpositions phonologically no own words, what you can see in Mangghuer the fact that they belong to the domain of word stress rule. Clitics in Mangghuer mark case and Possession:

Parts of Speech

In addition to simple nouns, there are derived, nominalized noun, for example Agen nouns by the suffix - qin, as in kerliqin " beggar " by kerli " ask ". There are also composites such as Kuer Wang "footprint". Adjectives may be used as a noun.

The pronoun paradigm is characterized by numerous suppletive forms. As well as other strains are used, for example, in addition to plural Pluralsuffixen. Also, it seems regional differences, and to be differences in the selected tab of the language.

Adjectives are characterized in that they can take the comparative suffix - forth, and by Hudu "very" can be modified as in Hudu zaihang Xujun " beautiful daughter ". An alternative design for modified by adjectives noun phrases with a genitive on the adjective, which is probably also due to Chinese influence.

Verbs are inflected by tense, aspect, mood and person, and after the participation / perspective of the speaker to action. The last category, which expresses the extent to which the speaker is affected by the action expressed or involved in it, is very similar to Evidentialsystem the Tibetan languages.

There are several verbalisers. The most common are -la - ke and for nouns, and -tu for adjectives. Examples would be burerla " calve " from Burer " calf " and " grow up " shuguotu of - Shuguo "large."

Valenzverändernde constructions

Verbs with different valence

Some verbs have different valency. In Example ( 1) it is the same verb that has both the importance of German "feed" as " feed " also. In ( 1a) is the direct object of the receiver (recipient ) in (1b ) it is the undergoer ( direct object ). In (2 ) it is the difference between German " little ride " and " riding on something." You can see the difference in valency on the indirect object in (b).

• (1a)

• (1b)

• (2a)

• (2b)

Causative

A causative is formed with the suffix - gha:

Intransitive to transitive:

• (3a)

• (3b)

Transitive to ditransitiv:

In Kausativierungen transitive actions the original subject ( NOM) is the Kausatum and gets dative case, the causative agent A1 gets nominative. The undergoer remains in the accusative. (Hierarchy: NOM → AKK → DAT)

• (4a)

• (4b)

The Kasusvergabe depends on the valence of the verb, not the number of actual arguments:

• (5)

Other thematic roles that are covered by the dative (also in Kausativkonstruktionen ) are locative and Benefaktiv. From the context it is clear whether this is an A2 Kausativkonstruktion or a Lokativ-/Benefaktiv-Objekt.

• (6)

Further remarks

• (i ) There is no liability in Mangghuer, the function of the passive voice ( highlighting the object in the discourse ) is produced by object - prefixing.
• ( ii ) Reflexive actions are expressed by pronouns.
• ( iii ) There are auxiliary verbs, which interact with the valence, but not edit. You can use the transitivity of an action, or the sadness of a recipient of a stress event. Their use is dependent on discourse - specific requirements, ie the discretion of the speaker.