Neapolitan language

Neapolitan ( Nnapulitano [ ˌ nnapulɪta ˑ nə ] in Neapolitan and Napoletano in Italian ) is a Romance language as it is spoken in the city of Naples ( Neapolitan: Napule, Italian: Napoli). The Neapolitan is the mother of the Campanian dialects that differ from city to city. There are many similarities to the dialects of the surrounding regions of central and southern Italy, as Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise, Puglia, Basilicata and Calabria. Mid-1970s there were about seven million native speakers. Mostly the Neapolitan language in the Campania region and in the provinces of Foggia and Bari ( Apulia) is spoken. By Legislative Decree 2008 Neapolitan was officially recognized by the Region of Campania as a language on October 14.

  • 3.1 possessive
  • 3.2 subject

Classification

Neapolitan is commonly regarded as a western Romance language, although occasionally a classification is proposed as südromanisch. Although they are all mutually intelligible, there are some differences between the various dialects. However, there are significant grammatical differences between the standardized Italian and Neapolitan, such as the genus category neuter or plural formation. As Italian, the Neapolitan from the Vulgar Latin developed. Here, however, the Neapolitan from Italian by some differences in its sound structure delineates that may be based on a pre- Latin influence of the Oscan.

For example, the vulgar Latin [ d] is realized in word-initial or between vowels as [ r] ( Doje for example, or duje ( "two" ), pronounced and often written as Roje / ruje; Veda ( "see" ) pronounced and often written as Vere ). It is, however, also expressed the view that this rhotacism could have occurred only recently. Other influences of the Oscan adopted the Neapolitan include the pronunciation of the consonant cluster / nd / as / nn / (for example, Munno (see it. ' Mondo ', 'world' ) and Quanno (it. ' quando ' " when " ) ) and / mb / as / mm / (for example tamuro ( " drum ", ital ' tamburo ')). Furthermore, influences of Greek are noticeable, the language of Naples until the ninth century. So far, all attempts to standardize the language, without success.

Although the Neapolitan can look back on a rich tradition in literature, music and theater (for example, Giambattista Basile, Eduardo de Filippo and Totò ), the language does not enjoy official recognition in Italy and may therefore not be taught in public schools. 2003, the proposal to set up a Neapolitan subject was quashed on the grounds that this is merely handle a language of the lower classes. There are also at national level legislative efforts to recognize as an official minority language in Italy.

For comparison, the Our ​​Father is reproduced here in the Neapolitan dialect of Naples and Nordkalabrien, as well as on standard Italian.

Phonetic properties of the Neapolitan

( Phonetics International Phonetic Association )

Vowels in word-final

Unstressed vowels are at the end of the word generally to / ə / ( schwa ), often unstressed vowels within a word.

Palatalization

The group "S bilabial or velar occlusive " ( s impura ) is palatalized:

  • / sp / > [ ʃp ]: for example it. ' specchio ' [ spɛkkjo ]> [ ʃpɛkkjə ]
  • / sk / > [ ʃk ]: for example it. ' scuola ' [ skwɔ ː la ]> [ ʃkɔ ː lə ]

Nota bene: "S alveolar plosive " is not palatalized!

  • / st / remains the same; So also in the Neapolitan: [ stirarə ] or apokopiert [ Stira ]

This clause shall apply for the ( rare ) voiced variants of the three groups.

Diphthongization and Metaphonie

The diphthongization and the Metaphonie ( umlaut ) are important characteristics of the Neapolitan.

Starting from the vulgar Latin form lead I and U is a Diphthongisierung a Example The vulgar Latin PORTUM will Puorto [ pwortə ], but Portare will portare ( apokopiert or Porta )

Open vowels are diphthongised:

  • è [ ɛ ] is diphthongised to [ each ], for example ' io leggo '> i ' lieggo
  • ò [ ɔ ] becomes [ where ], for example ' io porto '> i ' Puorto

Closed vowels are translated as follows:

  • ó [o ] becomes [ u], for example, ' io Corro '> i ' curre
  • é [e ] is umlauted to [i ], for example: ' io metto '> i ' center or ' vocélla '> vocilla

Apokopierung

The Infinitivendungen be on the stressed syllable apokopiert ( " cut " ):

  • -ARE > -a: for example ' cantare '> Canta
  • ERE - > - é: for example ' cadere '> Cadé
  • IRE > - ì: for example ' sentire '> Senti

Development from the vulgar Latin form: consonant L

  • PL is to / kj /, for example, PLUS becomes [ kju ] or PLENA to [ kjenə ]
  • FL to / ʃ / for example FLOREM to [ ʃo ː rə ] ( still in use today, however, hardly ) or AFFLARE to [ aʃʃa ]
  • BL is to / j /, for example, BLANCUS to [ jaŋk̬ə ]

Development from the vulgar Latin form: C e, i, and G e, i

In Neapolitan e, i, and SC e were C, i palatalized G e, i to [j ] [ tʃ ]> [ ʃ ], [ dʒ ]> [j ]

  • C e, i: for example, the Italian ' Dieci ' [ dje ː tʃi ] becomes [ dje ː ʃi ]
  • G e, i: for example, the Italian ' giornata ' to [ ː tə Jurna ]
  • SC e, i: for example, the Vulgar. PISCIS to [ piʃʃə ], sciencia to [ ʃjenzə ]
  • I-: - for example, is IOCUM to [' iuo: co]

Double consonants

/ d /, / b / and / g / are usually doubled in loanwords from Italian for example, ' Sabato ' to sabbato [ sabbətə ] or ' ragione ' to raggione [ raddʒonə ]

Many duplications caused by assimilation:

  • / nd / in an Italian word is often to / nn / in Neapolitan, to tunno for example ' tondo ' or ' quando ' to Quanno

The phonosyntaktische doubling ( raddoppiamento fonosintattico ) is also very strong.

In low social classes and extreme assimilation and metathesis reactions are common.

  • ' arbitro '> abbitro
  • ' sorbetto '> sobbretto ( with metathesis )
  • ' delfino '> deffino

Lenition ( sonication )

The Neapolitan tends to lenition ( sonication ) of the consonants P, T, C from the Vulgar Latin.

  • P > bb: for example ' sepellire ' becomes obbellire (?)
  • T- > dd: for example ' adorare ' to addurà
  • C > k ( > g) as the Vulgar. BOSCO to [ βwoʃk̬ə ]

The consonants are therefore also doubles tend simultaneously.

Spirantization

Voiced Occlusive ( plosives ) from the vulgar Latin form become fricatives ( fricatives ) in Neapolitan. This process is also called spirantization. Further, the vulgar Latin to a secure D [r ] or a flap [ ɾ ] ( rhotacism ).

  • B > [ vv ]: ROBA > rovva [ rɔββə ]
  • -D > [ ð ] ( dental fricative ), [r ], [ ɾ ]: Cadere > care [ kaɾe ] MADONNA > Maronna
  • -G -> [ ɣ ] ( uvular fricative ), [j ], Ø: GALLO > [ jallə ]
  • V > [ β ] ' vacca '> bacca

The G has a tendency to disappear.

Velarization

In part, the / l / velarized: This sound [ ɫ ] sounds like the ' dark l' of English (such as in all )

/ a / is velarized by many speakers of lower social classes often: [ ɑ ]. This sound is ultimately between / a / and / ɔ /.

Grammatical properties of the Neapolitan

Possessive

The possessive pronoun is generally adjusted:

For example, 'o libbro million (see it. ' il mio libro ', " my book " ) or [ mammətə ] (it. ' tua madre ', " your mother " )

Subject

There are no Neapolitan Subjektpronomina ( as in Italian: ' io ', ' tu ', etc. )

Lexis

The Neapolitan is rich in words that are completely different from the Italian vocabulary.

The most common are:

  • Guaglió or Guaglione [ vaʎʎo ː ] or [ ː nə vaʎʎo ]: ragazzo
  • Femmina [ femmənə ]: donna
  • Ecc.

Internal borrowings from the Neapolitan dialect, who call most standard Italian dictionaries; are:

  • Aglianico
  • Ammanicarsi
  • Bratton
  • Calzone
  • Camorra
  • Carosello
  • Carrozzella
  • Cavallo di ritorno
  • Citrullo
  • Fesso
  • Fetente
  • Fumarola
  • Gliommero
  • Inciucio
  • Inguacchio / inguacchiato
  • Lava
  • Lazzaro or lazzarone
  • Magliaro
  • Mozzarella
  • Mozzarella in carrozza
  • Pacchianata
  • Pastiera
  • Pernacchio
  • Pezzullo
  • Pizza
  • Pollanca
  • Pummarola
  • Scassare
  • Scippo
  • Scugnizzo
  • Sfarzo
  • Sfuso
  • Sommozzare / sommozzatore
  • Struffolo
  • Vongola
Metaphony Umlaut (linguistics) Metathesis (linguistics) Flap consonant
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