Need

A need is the desire or the desire to a perceived or actual lack of remedy.

  • 2.1 Humanistic Tradition

Classification of needs

Kind of satisfaction

  • Individual needs can be satisfied by a man alone (eg, the need to eat ).
  • Collective needs can be (eg family ) satisfied only by an entire community (for example, the need for security ).

Urgency

  • Basic needs ( for a possible long term healthy life ) include the need for clean air, of course, naturally pure spring water, sleep relaxation ( with relaxation, peace requires security { }). Benevolence, respect security partners bring force. Transparency creates safety, orientation, consistent freedom and enable self-determination. Apartment / Living, Garden, forest, water as a healthy habitat (relative freedom of design ), and a security -promoting community { family, community, ..} with respectful feedback (feedback) for orientation, promote health, when to healthy food, warmth (clothing ), exercise healing in disease ( through community / partner, orientation, human aids such as nursing, caring, .. remedies ) and privacy for introspection, self-reflection, sadness, .. and inner Sorting Plan will be granted and any / r to can contribute according to their abilities and loving, sensitive, friendly it is based, is encouraged and could contain.
  • Existence needs are ( way of derogation from the basic needs ) are those who still appear to be realizable even in shortage, in an emergency or even yet been granted under penalty. For example, adequate food and water, air, clothing, housing, employment (whether healthy), security, intervention, retention, and medications (whether healthy). This is not a sustainable manner possible healthy life.
  • Luxury needs include the needs for luxury goods and services (jewelry, automobiles, etc.), even if they promote at other locations distress, suffering and environmental sacrilege. An end to lust does not exist.
  • Culture needs to describe the desire for culture ( aesthetics, creative expression, celebration, produce internal consistency, education, ..)

Since the human resources available are often limited, it can not always satisfy all basic, culture and luxury needs simultaneously. Therefore, it must make choices and prioritize their needs. Therefore, we group all the luxury and cultural needs together under the term electoral needs.

In another terminology, basic needs are needs whose satisfaction can be viewed in a society as vital to enable a social subsistence level (for example, self-catering garden). Choice needs are particularly evident in high- extensive goods (example: villa with courtyard, barn and fields ). What a basic and what is only a choice need to be rated like any off the observance of equal interest, the balance and the fundamental rights (eg to equal treatment in relation to health maintenance ).

Also widespread is the division into primary needs and secondary needs. Needs are referred to as primary, which drove conditioned and are widely considered to be equal ie for all people (eg, hunger, thirst ). The secondary needs needs are referred to, which are dependent on many factors (eg social, artistic interests ).

  • Complementary needs are needs which are only caused by the satisfaction of a need. For example, the need for a larger home means that a need for new furnishings such as furniture and carpets produced.

Since it has set itself the target of increasing the gross domestic product permanently, are (among others through promotional campaigns), needs ( additional needs ) aroused or generates ( and those financiers ) to more sales serve the interests of the industry through strategic psychological manipulation.

One can therefore speak of " true" and "false " in this context needs. The company is trying to make credible that for him there is a need or a new need had arisen.

Concreteness and subject

In this group of species need to be differentiated by

  • Material needs,
  • Intangible needs.

Material needs are aimed at material objects, such as the desire for bread, a color television or a cell phone.

Intangible needs are satisfied, however, the religious, ethical or spiritual realm, such as the desire for social prestige, power, justice, security, or a trip to the theater.

Awareness

Needs that are felt concretely by us, such as the desire for praise or food are referred to as conscious or open needs. Others who are perceived subliminally shall be assigned to latent or hidden needs. They slumber in secrecy and may be open to needs when they are aroused. This very often happens through advertising ( need revival ).

In psychology,

The need for expression is used in psychology for two different situations: for a term stable disposition on the one hand and for the current state of an organism on the other.

  • Desire as a disposition: In the psychology of motivation is a need ( engl. need ) a relatively time stable feature of an organism, which indicates its inclination to pursue a specific class of targets. In humans, a need is a personality trait and is called the motif. The motives by which most research has been done, are the achievement motive (german need for achievement ), the power motive (german need for power ) and the intimacy motif ( engl. need for intimacy ).
  • Need as a state

Due to the double meaning of the term "need" it is recommended that, wherever possible, the terms motive to use (for the personality trait ) and motivation ( for the current state ).

Humanistic tradition

From the need to find an applicable method for conflict resolution, developed Marshall B. Rosenberg, student of the humanist Carl Rogers, the model of non-violent communication. From this model, a need term that can be used in addition to definitions of motivational psychology emerged.

Needs in Rosenberg's sense are all the people according to the type in common. Needs are therefore independent of time ( epochs), places (regions, cultures ) and people. Needs of different individuals to each other never meet, but only the strategies that will be used to fulfill the needs. Needs are universal; Wishes differ from needs in that they already represent a Konkretionsstufe towards strategies. If you want to get a deeper insight into the causes of the problem or conflict that needs must be clearly separated from strategies.

A man has every moment needs that manifest themselves as feelings. A distinction is made here between feelings that indicate that needs are met and feelings, which indicate that needs are not met.

Summarized some needs in nuclear terms are according to this model: physical needs - security - understanding (or empathy) - creativity - love, intimacy - Games - Recreation - Autonomy - sense.

In economics,

The economics define need as the desire to fix a perceived lack. Needs are thus trigger for each economic activity. In connection with purchasing power, the need is to demand that occurs in the market as demand.

Needs are not Fixed. They change and are dependent on many factors such as age, health, occupation, interests, character, gender, income, climate, fashion, technical progress.

Maslow's pyramid of needs

The Maslow's hierarchy of needs based on a devised by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow model to describe motivations of people and is one of the cognitive theories of motivation. Here, the motifs are seen as driving forces of human behavior. The human needs are the "steps" of the pyramid and build this one-dimensional theory according to each other. Accordingly, a need always behave determinative until it is fully satisfied. Only then wins the next higher need for meaning and will behave determining.

The requirements are divided into Defizitärbedürfnisse and growth needs. The Defizitärbedürfnisse are represented by the first three steps and fall the fourth and fifth stage under growth Bedürfnise. The first and lowest level in this case comprises the fundamental existential needs, such as the food intake for obtaining the human existence. At Level 2, the security requirements of a safe car with airbags follow, such as. Level 3 includes the social needs, such as by belonging to a group. This is followed by the need for recognition, such as by use of a product as a status symbol. At the last stage, there is the need for self -actualization, such as by wearing extravagant clothes. The Defizitärbedürfnisse can in this case be fully satisfied, whereas this is not possible with the growth needs.

The model is criticized for different reasons.

Basic needs for Max - Neef

The economist Manfred Max - Neef sees needs not only as a deficiency, but also as individual and collective human potential.

In contrast to the traditional view that human needs are unlimited, permanent changes were subject to and modified from one culture to another and are different in each historical stage of development, is Max - Neef on the assumption that the basic human needs limited [ insatiable ], small in number and classifiable - because social- universal ( independent of person, place, culture, historical epoch) - are. They stood together in an interrelated and interacted.

He proposes a taxonomy of basic human needs following nine categories axiological value before:

  • Subsistence (Spanish subsistencia, Eng subsistence. )
  • Protection (Spanish protección, Eng. Protection),
  • Grant (Spanish afecto, Eng. Affection )
  • Understanding [ understanding, develop ] (Spanish entendimiento, Eng. Understanding )
  • Participation ( participación Span, Eng. Participation ),
  • Leisure [ relaxation, play ] (Spanish ocher, Eng. Leisure )
  • Creativity (Spanish creación, Eng. Creation )
  • Identity (Spanish identidad, Eng. Identity),
  • Freedom (Spanish libertad, Eng. Freedom ).

Max - Neef believed that the basic needs in pace with the evolution of man had arisen ( as are 'identity' and 'freedom ' probably younger than the rest, while a tenth, transcendence, will perhaps be as universal only in the future ).

Satisfaction of needs is for Max - Neef is a dynamic process, characterized by simultaneity, complementarity and compensation ( trade-off ), and takes place on different levels and with different intensity and place in a triple context:

  • In relationship with itself ( self- world)
  • Related to the social group ( contemporaries )
  • In relationship with the environment.

Max - Neef believes it is essential to distinguish needs from Befriedigern.

Pictures of Need

111826
de