Nepotism

Nepotism (Latin nepos, nephew ' and - ism), also called nepotism, called an excessive advantage procurement by or for family members, family members or relatives. Examples for this preference are granting unusually favorable contract terms for relatives or the omission of necessary checks with relatives at the expense of an institution or a company in which a family member has a leading position.

In German, it is as nepotism, Swiss Vetterli German economy, known. In the Swabian is spoken by nepotism. Are not family members, but other people the beneficiaries of the procured benefit, one also speaks of favoritism (see also clientelism ). In the Bavarian -speaking states, regardless of a family Verbandelung Spezl economy ( or speci Spezl = bair 'friend'. ) In Austria cronyism; in the Rhineland one speaks of the coterie. Also shift can be a form of nepotism.

History

Nepotism existed even in ancient times; and it exists today in the over the Verwandtenbevorzugung far beyond the form of the formation of " networks " (see Kölscher coterie ).

Nepotism, there have been in or between dynasties: it was always within the European aristocracy relationships across national boundaries; partly come about through marriages of convenience or arranged marriage. These relationships also influenced the rise and fall of alliances, alliances and coalitions.

Famous and infamous was the practiced Kardinalnepotimus the bishops and popes in the Middle Ages and modern times. A big boost he learned from the Avignon popes Clement V, John XXII. , Clement VI. and Innocent VI. Reached its climax of papal nepotism from the 15th to the 17th century when the papal relatives all subregions of the Papal States were given as a fief to build their own principalities.

The last known for his nepotism was Pope Pius XII. , The inclusion of his middle nephew Giulio, Carlo and Marcantonio title of prince ( Principi Pacelli ) and high positions in Italian politics and finance.

As nepotism can look at it, that President John F. Kennedy 's brother Robert F. Kennedy recorded as Minister of Justice in his cabinet. Such appointment there was in American history before or since. After Kennedy's presidency of nepotism was illegal in the U.S., according to which no close relatives are eligible for Offices awards.

In France the term is népotisme used for expenses incurred in common academic or official careers dependencies and benefits, penetrate the particular public administration and the large state-controlled, formal private sector ( eg energy and utilities, rail, Film / Culture ).

Etymology and meaning of the word

The word is from the Latin Nepos (Gen. nepōtis ), grandchildren, great-grandchildren, nephew, descendant ' derived. Nepos is in the Latin language to a concrete term for a nephew ( his grandson ), on the other, the name given to descendants in general. It also appears as a proper name ( as a cognomen ); best-known bearers of the name is the historian Cornelius Nepos, whose works were standard reading in German Latin lessons of the 19th century.

Similar terms appear ( άνεψιός, siblings son, nephew ' - of ά - νεπτιός arise ) already in the ancient Indian ( Napat ) and Greek language.

In medieval Latin called " Nepos " then across any relatives without could be deduced on the degree of kinship. In the French language the word as " Nephew " (nephew ) was received into English as " nephew".

In the German upmarket vernacular was, with a mocking connotation, mediated via the French word Neveu (also Nevö ) related to 1914 (up to the then campaign against words of French origin ).

" Nepotism " is a linguistic term training. The derived nepos word nephew for a (mostly in politics) favored younger relatives is outdated and largely unknown.

Meaning Similar terms

• Patronage
• Cabal
• Roped