Nolinoideae

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Butcher's broom ( Ruscus aculeatus )

The Nolinoideae form a subfamily in the plant family asparagus plants ( Asparagaceae ) within the order of asparagus -like ( Asparagales ). Many species and varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens and rooms.

• 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Since the scope of Nolinoideae family was particularly determined by molecular genetic characteristics is large especially the bandwidth of the habit of the taxa.

Habit and foliage leaves

There are either woody shrubs, subshrubs, lianas, tree -like plants or perennial to perennial herbaceous plants. Since there is no secondary growth in Nolinoideae, we speak in the woody species are not of trees but of tree-like plants. Many species form rhizomes, tubers, some as outlasting.

The leaves are alternate or opposite continuously and spirally arranged or distichous or lively. The leaves are simple, entire, with Parallelnervatur. In some taxa the leaves are scale-like reduced and flattened and tapered stem axis ( phylloclades ) replaces the function of assimilation organs.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are borne in racemose inflorescences individually or several to many. In the genus Ruscus the flowers are arranged in racemose groups on the surface of phylloclades. In the genus Semele the flowers are being arranged in groups at the edge of doldigen phylloclades. The most hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. If the flowers are unisexual, the plants then monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ) can be getrenntgeschlechtig. The most six bracts are mostly the same multiform; they may be free or fused. There are one or two circles with usually three each (rare, each with two or four) fertile stamens present. Three carpels are usually a superior ovaries fused with a stylus.

Fruit and seeds

When fruits are usually at maturity bright red or blue, one to viersamige berries, rare formed a dreifächerige capsule fruit.

Chromosomes and ingredients

The 0.5 to 19 microns long chromosomes have basic chromosome numbers of x = 5-7, 9, 18-21.

On ingredients flavonoids, saponins and Styloidkristalle be called.

Dissemination

With its broad scope today the subfamily Nolinoideae has a wide distribution. There are taxa in the Holarctic, Paläotropis and capensis. There are resources in the temperate regions of Eurasia and North America, from the Mediterranean to Asia Minor, on the Canary Islands, in southern Africa, subtropical to tropical Central America, and northern Australia.

System

To subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly Family Ruscaceae sl) are 24 to 30 genera with about 475-700 species:

• Schuster palms ( Aspidistra Ker Gawl. ): The approximately 94 species occur to Japan from the eastern Himalayas.
• Beaucarnea Lem. The approximately nine species occur in Mexico and Central America.
• Calibanus Rose: The two species occur in Mexico.
• Comospermum Rauschert: it contains only one type: Comospermum yedoense ( Maxim. ex Franch & Sav. . ) Rauschert: It is native to Japan.

• Reineckea carnea ( Andrews ) Kunth: It is native to China and Japan.

• Semele androgyna (L.) Kunth: It is native to Macaronesia.

• Speirantha gardenii ( Hook. ) Baillon: It is native to the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.

• Theropogon pallidus ( wall. ex Kunth ) Maxim. It occurs in the Himalayas and China.

Phylogenetic analyzes revealed in 2010 following relationships of the tribe:

Ruscaceae s.str. Dracaenaceae Theropogon Disporopsis Comospermum

Convallarieae (without Theropogon )

Ophiopogoneae

Polygonateae (without Disporopsis )

Nolinaceae

Eriospermaceae ( Eriospermum )

Botanical history

The Ruscaceae the family was in 1826 by Kurt Sprengel in Syst. Veg. , 3, 3 ( Ruscinae, nom. Cons. ) Erected. Previously there was a family of Ruscaceae ( s.str. ) Only the three genera: Ruscus, Semele and Danae ) with only about nine species. Then the taxa of the former families as Aspidistraceae Hassk. Dracaena plants ( Dracaenaceae Salisb. , Nom. Cons. ) Were, lily of the valley plants ( Convallariaceae Horan. ), Eriospermaceae Lem. , Nolinaceae Nakai, Ophiopogonaceae Meisn. , Platymetraceae Salisb. , Polygonataceae Salisb. and Sansevieriaceae Nakai integrated into this family due to molecular genetic studies. Previously, some genera of this family to the lily family ( Liliaceae ) were asked. Rudall eg in 2000 found that the name Ruscaceae, published by Sprengel in 1826 has priority ( in accordance with the rules of the International Code before Convallariaceae, which was not published until 1834 by Pavel Fyodorovich Gorjaninow, although actually the Convallariaceae was extended by the additional taxa Botanical nomenclature = ICBN = International code for Botanical Nomenclature ). Because after molecular genetic studies (eg rbcL studies of Chase, among others 1995) were the Convallariaceae s.str. without the taxa of the former families Nolinaceae, Dracaenaceae and Ruscaceae paraphyletic.

Molecular genetic studies have led over the past ten years, to the family boundaries within the order of asparagus -like ( Asparagales ) have dramatically shifted. So the Nolinoideae since 2009 Chase among others only a subfamily of the family of asparagus plants ( Asparagaceae ). Previously it was an independent family butcher's broom plants ( Ruscaceae ). The scope of some species has been heavily modified by revisions in the last ten years. The name Nolinoideae has priority over Ruscoideae. The Nolinoideae were in June 1835 by Gilbert Thomas Burnett under the name " Nolanidae " first published, however, the Ruscoideae under the name " Rusceae " by Leopold Dippel in Handbook of Hardwood customer ..., 1, show p.9 only in August-September 1889. 2010 Kim include the relationships according to recent studies.

Use

Used medicinally especially the Blazing ruscus ( Ruscus aculeatus ), while the drug is the rhizome ( Rusci rhizoma ). Even the Japanese snake beard ( Ophiopogon japonicus ) is used medicinally. The underground parts of plants Liriope some species are eaten. Polygonatum species are used in many ways. Parts of plants of a few Maianthemum species are eaten.

Many species and varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens and rooms.

Swell

• Joo- Hwan Kim, Dong -Kap Kim, Felix Forest, Michael F. Fay, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetics of Ruscaceae sensu lato and related families ( Asparagales ) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. In: Annals of Botany. Volume 106, 2010, pp. 775-790. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcq167 Full text PDF.
• The subfamily Nolinoideae within the family of Asparagaceae sl in APWebsite. (Section Description and systematics)
• Paula J. Rudall, John G. Conran, Mark W. Chase: Systematics of Ruscaceae / Convallariaceae: a combined morphological and molecular investigation. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 134, Number 1-2, 2000, pp. 73-92, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02346.x.
• The Ruscaceae family s.str. with only three genera in DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (English )
• David John Mabberley: The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press 1987. ISBN 0-521-34060-8
• Joachim Thiede, 2012. Nomenclatural status of unranked names published by Trelease (1911 ) in Beaucarnea, Dasylirion, and Nolina ( Asparagaceae - Nolinoideae ). In: Phytoneuron, Volume 77, Issue 1-4, 2012 ISSN 2153 733x PDF. .