Nominal composition
A Nominalkompositum (plural nominal compounds ) is a compound noun, such as the German words meat sausage or St. Nicholas.
Nominal compounds in various Indo-European languages
Nominal compounds in German
There are several types of composition in German, of which the Determinativkompositum is the most important. His two terms are a Determinans ( " The defining " ), followed by a Determinatum ( " Particular "). These terms refer to the semantic relationship between the constituents: A Determinativkompositum the structure AB can be described as "a by A closer given B". Accordingly, for example, a meat sausage a further specified by meat sausage. The first member of a Nominalkompositums can except a noun and a verb, as in percussion drill, or an adjective, as in fine gold, his.
The specific semantic relation between the components varies greatly in the composites and is not determined by the grammar. One of the most blatant examples of this are the subcategories of the chip: a pork steak is a steak that is prepared with pork. A child is a schnitzel schnitzel for children, so just a smaller portion, and a hunter schnitzel is a cutlet " in the manner of the hunter " (ie, served with a mushroom sauce).
The genus of a compound word is determined by the Determinatum. For example, the closet is masculine, because cabinet is masculine.
Like all composites are also the nominal basically bipartite. This applies also to those which contain more than two strains; these are of two - assembled tribes - possibly already complex. This is discussed in the following poem:
There are animals, circles and doctors. There are veterinarians, district medical and senior physicians. There is a zodiac and a doctors circle. There is also a senior district vet. A senior district animal but there is not. Roda Roda
Both Determinans and Determinatum a Composite can already be complex. A complex Determinans has [ deer ] = hunting hunting deer; a complex Determinatum has land [ music director ] = music director of the country ( and not director of the country's music). For words like girls trade school that can also lead to ambiguities.
Orthography
After valid spelling are at a Nominalkompositum in German, the individual parts of words either written together (for example, deep-sea fishing ) or joined together by a hyphen (eg Rosa - Luxembourg -Platz), so that in each case the compound in the typeface as a coherent unit can be seen. The spelling with a hyphen can be used to illustrate the structure, such as in country - music director. The unconnected juxtaposition of the individual word elements, as in English, however, is wrong.
Nominal compounds in Spanish
The Spanish features, such as the Romance languages in general, about extremely few nominal compounds. Usually, the relations between two nouns ' (eg novela policíaca, detective novel or a noun - adjective construction ) expressed here by a preposition (about ministro de defensa, Defense Minister ) '.
The few exceptions usually come from the Latin American Spanish. So they say there in some areas for divers not buceador, but hombre rana ( = hombre, man, ' rana = frog '). Chance to find nominal compounds, the orthographically form a single word about coliflor ( cauliflower).
Nominal compounds in Russian
The morphology of Russian is very similar in this point of the Spanish. Very common are adjective constructions as футбольная команда ( futbolnaja komanda, football team '), Советский Союз ( Sovetsky Soyuz, Soviet Union, literally, Soviet Union '), but less so constructions by means of a preposition: объяснение в любви ( objasnenije v ljubwi, declaration of love ' ); usually the base noun is then derivative of a verb whose diffraction is also assumed ( as in the example here of объясниться в любви, objasnitsja w ljubwi, make a declaration of love ').
In addition, due to the strong case system the possibility of connecting two nouns by means of the genitive (without preposition ), which is used very frequently: Союз писателей ( Soyuz pisatelei, Writers 'Union ').
Although there are some more nominal compounds ( as we know from the German ), but these are almost all artificial word formations from the Soviet era, such as город - герой ( gorod - geroi, Hero City '). In Tsarist Russia, this type of word formation was completely uncommon.
However, is also found in post-socialist Russia vocabulary which is formed according to this pattern. This is one of the variants for the female form of the word бизнесмен ( bisnesmen, businessman ') to which will be discussed again and again, женщина - бизнесмен ( schenschtschina - bisnesmen, literally, Women Business man ').
Nominal compounds in English
The English also has a fairly good number of nominal compounds, such as moonlight (, Moonlight '), but does not reach the quantity in German. Unlike the Germans - - The two components of a Nominalkompositums be written separately in some words. About the grammatical use of the term in question opens up then but its status as a single word. Also common here is the connection of two nouns by means of a preposition. Similar to the composition in Spanish it is called here Ministry of Defence.
Nominal compounds in Dutch
In Dutch, any compounds of nouns are possible, as in English, this results in the extreme to barely readable structures. This fact is illustrated with Scherzkomposita as Hottentottententententoonstelling ( Hottentot tenten - tentoonstelling = Hottentottenzelteausstellung ).