Nonviolent resistance
As a non-violent action (GA, English: nonviolent action) are all political or social resistance and forms of confrontation referred to consciously renounce violence against other people ( non-violence ). Gene Sharp has classified the methods of GA in the following subgroups:
- Nonviolent protest and persuasion
- Social non-cooperation
- Boycotts
- Strike action
- Political noncooperation
- Nonviolent intervention.
The spectrum compiled by him 198 forms of action ranges from protest letters and leaflets about demonstrations, rallies, sit-ins, street theater, calling for consumer boycotts, strikes, " work to rule " to calculated violations, and in certain forms of property damage.
Depending on the legal system and government of the country in which such methods are used, the above-mentioned forms of action can lead to direct violence reactions of government forces and criminal liability for those involved.
Examples
In his 1937 book " An Encyclopaedia of Pacifism " ( German: " A plea for world peace and encyclopedia of pacifism ," Knaur 1993) Aldous Huxley is a definition of non-violent resistance:
Famous examples of nonviolent actions are initiated by Gandhi 's Salt March in the Indian struggle for independence and the Martin Luther King Jr. with Montgomery Bus Boycott organized. International discussion in the 60s in the War Resisters International ( WRI) was performed. Emmeline Pankhurst developed a concept of non-violent resistance for the women's movement, which includes hunger strikes.
If conscious methods are used, which are illegal in the country concerned, it is civil disobedience.
Another perspective of the Nonviolent action can represent the non-violent revolution. The term was coined after the Second World War in the context of the emergence of the New Left, especially in Europe and North America and combines two policy - theoretical currents, namely the pacifist tradition of nonviolence and social revolutionary tradition of the labor movement. The result is a combination of violent criticism and critique of the state, which will take effect in social movements. Theoretical roots can be found in anarcho-syndicalism (or U.S.: IWW, Industrial Workers of the World) and pacifism.
Germany
In Germany, there are discussions on the Nonviolent Revolution in groups around the magazine grassroots revolution and in the International War Resisters / inside ( IDK ). Numerous clubs and initiatives deal in Germany with the theory and practice of non-violent actions, including the Federation Nonviolent Action Groups ( FöGA ), the workshop for non-violent action Baden, the Federation for Social Defence, Press Mutlangen, the curve Wustrow, the archive is active and the humanist Movement. The magazines " Nonviolent Action " and " grassroots revolution " deal with the theory and practice of GA.
Well-known examples are the German actions against the NATO Double-Track Decision of 12 December 1979 on the deployment of Pershing II and cruise missile missiles in the Federal Republic and the Monday demonstrations in 1989/1990 in the GDR.