Nosology

Nosology is the doctrine of the manifestation / classification of disease and originally a branch of pathology. This traditional medical beliefs are, however, confront those of psychopathology, as they are also represented by the psychosomatic. In these sub-regions, different theories of pathogenesis are represented, which practically differ in their methodology from each other and go back to the treated from philosophy the mind-body problem. Both in pathology as well as in psychopathology but is spoken in the emergence of diseases from lack of adjustment or adaptation to demands and pressures ( Noxen, stressors, trauma ). - The adjective to nosology is nosologically: nosology concerning; Diseases systematically descriptive. The German name for nosology is pathology.

Various classification systems

Various classification capabilities are implemented in parallel: after symptom ( symptomatology ), cause ( etiology ), development ( pathogenesis ) or organ affected.

The most common classification system is the ICD of the World Health Organization (WHO). The position taken by the WHO definition of health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being " has to be considered for the definition of the concept of disease as a disorder of health. This definition is called for short the bio-psycho- social model of disease, the hierarchy of this scale is taken into account, cf → situation circle. The instrument of the WHO is aligned in its own best intentions rather descriptive- pragmatic ( symptomatologically ) and therefore has certain necessary disadvantages in the consideration of other nosological aspects on.

In the Swiss army called Nosologia Militaris used.

For a critique of the Diagnostic inventories of the WHO

When operationalized procedures, as suggested by the inventories of the WHO rightly, is always a) the mutability of the theory b ) to consider the time factor of the disease development. Especially this time factor it is, which is a fundamental problem for cross-cutting diagnostics. After operationalized approach levied findings are more or less " automatically " merged into one diagnosis at a particular point in time. This can - at least in medical records - a falsely each " permanent character " pretend. Especially when it comes to subject- related diagnostic assessments, provide operationalisierende procedures represent a certain risk by failing to take into account the observation of so-called longitudinal sections or developments enough. This plays especially in psychiatry a major role. See in particular the discussion about the apparent relativization of the concept of neurosis in favor too pragmatic practice and the psychosomatic objection of the machine paradigm. The overly strong focus on a single descriptive- oriented symptomatologically disease diagnosis has led to the development of the multi-axial system. These axes are explained in the table below. This also fundamental epistemological reservations is worn about the objectivity of the sciences bill. For this purpose, a guiding principle of Karl R. Popper was quoted: " Clinical observations like all other observations are interpretations in the light of theories. " - " Kinische observations are, like all other observations, interpretations in the light of theories. "

A multiaxial system according to ICD -10

• Axis 1a: Psychiatric disorders
• Axis 1b: Somatic diseases
• Axis II: Social disability ( impairment of psychosocial functioning )
• Axis III: factors of the social environment and the individual coping with life under Chapter XXI ( Z) of the ICD -10 ( load factors )

Currently, a new Multi-axial system is developed. For a critique, please refer to the section links.