O'odham

O'Odham or Pima Alto ( Upper Pima ) denotes different, linguistically and culturally related tribes of the Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona, USA, and in northern Sonora, Mexico. The Tohono O'Odham include the O'Odham ( formerly Papago ), the Hia C- ed O'Odham ( formerly Sand Papago ), the Akimel O'Odham (formerly mostly Pima ), the Ak -Chin O'Odham and the Sobaipuri (also Sobas, now risen in the other groups ). Today, the various groups of the O'Odham Tohono O'Odham live in the nation, the San Xavier Indian Reservation, the Gila River Indian Reservation, the Salt River Pima - Maricopa Indian Community, the Ak -Chin community and off the reservations in the surrounding cities and towns in Arizona.

Your next cultural and linguistic relatives are the also Pimic -speaking south living Pima Bajo ( Lower Pima ) and Tepehuan.

The Salt River Pima - Maricopa Indian Community ( SRPMIC ) Onk Akimel O'Odham inhabit the (also On'k Akimel Au Authm - ' people living along the Salt River ', a subset of the Akimel O'Odham ), the Tohono O'Odham, the Maricopa of Lehi ( ' Xalychidom Piipaash ', descendants of Halchidhoma ) and some Keli Akimel O'Odham (even Keli Akimel Au Authm - ' people living along the Gila River ', a subset of the Akimel O ' Odham ). The The Gila River Indian Reservation is composed of Maricopa ( ' Pee- Posh ') and Keli Akimel O'Odham inhabited. The not recognized as a tribe Hia C- ed O'Odham usually live together with the Tohono O'Odham in their reserves, the Tohono O'Odham - Nation, San Xavier Indian Reservation and in small groups in the other reserves.

The various O'Odham groups were already in pre-Hispanic times in a loose defensive alliance against the enemy, counting on the river Yuma Mohave, Quechan and Cocopa and against the Western Apache, Chiricahua and their allies, the Yavapai, a group of Highland Yuma organized.

When the Spaniards with their better organization, greater resources and better weapons, the O'Odham protection offered against their enemies, these allied with the whites in a large Indian- Spanish alliance, along with the Opata, Pima Bajo ( Lower Pima ) Tepehuan, Pueblo, Ute and even the warlike Comanches against the Apaches and their allies.

The hostile Apaches called the Tohono O'Odham, Akimel O'Odham, Ak -Chin O'Odham and Sobaipuri Sáíkiné ( 'Sand House People' - 'Sand House - people ' because they lived in Adobe houses on stilts ) or Ketl'ah izláhé ( 'Rope Under Their Feet People' because they wore, unlike the Apaches sandals).

Language

Their language, O'Odham ha - ñeokĭ, O'Ottham ha - neoki or O'Odham cassava is one of the Pimic languages ​​( or Tepiman ) and belongs to the southern branch of the Uto- Aztec language family. Within this language, in turn, occur several dialects

  • Tohono O'Odham Cukuḍ Kuk dialect
  • Gigimai dialect
  • Huhuula dialect
  • Huhuwoṣ dialect
  • Totoguani dialect
  • Several dialects (?)
  • Gila Eastern dialect
  • Kohadk dialect
  • Salt River dialect
  • Gila Western dialect
Ak-Chin Indian Community Maricopa people Mohave people Quechan people Cocopah people Opata people Ute people
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