Oath More Judaico
The Jew envy or ( Iuramentum Iudaeorum ) More Iudaico (Latin ) was an oath, the Jews had to pay in legal disputes with non-Jews in a Christian of page prescribed, often discriminatory manner. He was widespread in parts of Europe from the early Middle Ages to the end of the 19th century. In France and Austria the Jew envy 1846, abolished in Prussia on 15 March 1869. The Jew envy is to be distinguished from the Jewish oath, the application in the internal Jewish commerce was.
- 2.1 Erfurt Jew envy
- 2.2 Frankfurt Jew envy
- 2.3 " Big Braunschweigischer Jew envy "
History
For non-Christians in Christian European countries, the Christian oaths used in legal matters had no validity, why were special oaths in use for these populations since the early Middle Ages. In Jew envy Germanic- Christian oath law was connected with the Talmudic to secure the oath. The oath was abzuleisten God and numerous self conspiracy formulas or in front of the synagogue or in the courts touching the Torah and under repeated invocation. This reference was made to the Old Testament penalties of perjury. In the late Middle Ages, the oath was supplemented by a discriminatory, regionally varying ceremony, the swearing, for example, a cord worn around the neck or the oath on a bloody animal skin or a Sauhaut (see Judensau ) had to perform standing.
Byzantium
An out -building in Christian countries Jew envy goes back to the year 531, when it came to a trial between a Jewish converts and several Jews in Byzantium. The latter had to gird himself with thorns before filing of the oath, getting in the water three times and spit upon the circumcised member. In order to carry out in 1026 under Emperor Constantine VIII was so far mitigated as had to Vereidigende to gird themselves with thorns and keep the law scroll in his hand.
German Empire
The oldest German Jew envy have survived in Görlitz and Erfurt Jew envy of the 12th century. Regional Jew envy have been handed down for other German cities, including Augsburg, Braunschweig ( 15th century ), Dortmund, Frankfurt, Cologne ( 1448 ), Landshut (14th century), Magdeburg, Munich, Nuremberg and Worms. To the resulting 1220-1235 Sachsenspiegel According had to stand barefoot on a sheepskin during Swearing of the Oath. The written down in 1275 Schwabenspiegel contains regulations on wearing a particular dress, consisting of Jews and Jewish hat jacket. Here, the swearing had to stand on a Sauhaut.
The Jew envy was abolished in the first half of the 19th century in most German States, 1814 in Baden, 1828 in Hesse-Cassel, 1829 in Oldenburg, and 1832 in Württemberg. The Saxony state parliament submitted paper the oath of Jews in theological and historical relationship (Leipzig 1840) of the Jewish theologians Zacharias Frankel ( 1801-1875 ) led the repeal of outdated Jew envy in Saxony and other German countries.
Austria
After the 1244 adopted Fridericianum Duke Frederick II († 1246 ) had Jews of Austria super Rodal so take only an oath on the Torah. Corresponding laws were adopted with minor changes for Hungary, Bohemia, Poland and Lithuania. In Austria the Jew envy on November 30, 1846, abolished.
France
From the medieval Arles is out of time on supplies in 1150 that the swearing placed a crown of thorns around his neck and a thorn was pulled along his hips during the oath. The French Rabbi Lazare Isidor (1813-1888) refused in 1846 the opening of the synagogue to the performance of a Jew envy. He was charged, but found in the lawyer and politician Adolphe Crémieux (1796-1880) a capable defender, who rejected the Jew envy as illegal. The Jew envy was subsequently abolished in the same year in France. In Belgium, he had been abolished in 1836.
Examples
Erfurt Jew envy
The Erfurt Jew envy goes back to Archbishop Conrad of Mainz ( † 1200). The Archbishop of Mainz practiced proven since the 13th/14th. Century a protective dominion over all German Jews. The reproduced by Wackernagel text read:
" Of you dirre sculdegit of bistur unschuldic. To help you got. The got the himel unde Earth's gescuf. loub. flowers. unde gras. because of what uore nine. Unde if you sveris unjust. daz you di earth uirslinde. di Dathan unde Abiron uirslant. Unde if you sveris unjust. daz you the muselsucht biste. di naamannen liz unde iezi bestunt. Unde if you sweris unjust. daz gave you di e di uirtilige got moisy. in the mountains synay. Di got same screib with sinen uingeren at the steinir tables first. Unde if you sweris unjust. daz you uellin all di scrift. di gescriben sint to the uunf moisy book. Dit is of the Jews, the majority di biscof Cuonrat dirre stat gegebin has. "
The modern German transfer after Herchert is reproduced below:
" Meanwhile, what this gives you blame, you are innocent, then God help you, the God created the heavens and the earth, leaves, flowers and grass, which was not before. And if you swear wrong that you devour the earth, which swallowed up Dathan and Abiran. And if you swear wrong that you infested the leprosy left the Maeman and Gehazi came over. And if you swear wrong, that you destroy the laws that God gave Moses on Mount Sinai that God himself wrote with his finger on the steinerene panel. And if you swear wrong that you bring down all the fonts that are written in the five books of Moses. This is the Jewish oath, the Bishop Konrad has given this city. "
The Erfurt Jew envy is the oldest verifiable such oath in German language and marks the beginning of a tradition of many German-language formulas. It contains no additives dishonorable, as they are called, for example in Schwabenspiegel.
Frankfurt Jew envy
The Frankfurt merchant Salomon Neustadt had abzuleisten on demand of the Frankfurt Council in the year 1800 following discrediting oath to prove economic claims against a business partner. The text is preserved in the StA Ffm Ugb D 90, reproduced here by Kasper - Holtkotte:
" Jud, I adjure thee by the living and some Allermächtigen God, Creator of the heavens and of the earth and of all things, and in his Torah and the Law He gave his servant Moyse on Mount Sinay that thou wilt say verily and verjahen whether this present book sey the book, it may be a Christian or a Jew a Jew do and perform a right 's proper oath and should be. Jud I declare it unto thee truly that we worship the Christians some almighty and living God who made heaven and earth and created all things, and that we have no other God except this, still honor worship. I'll tell you about it and from the cause that you do not savourest, you'd be excused before God a false oath by you and shalt believe this think that we were wrong a Christian faith, and worship strange gods, which is not yet, and why because the Nesin or captains of the people of Israel have been guilty of keeping that haten what they swore the men of Giffan; the but they served other gods, but you owe us Christians, as those who worship there to swear a living and almighty God, and to keep a true and unbetrüglichen oath. Therefore, Jud I ask you whether you believed: that that one defiles and blasphemes the Almighty God by so He swears a false and untruthful oath. Jud I also ask yourself if thou wilt give the number of living and almighty God from wohlbedachtem courage and without any malice and Betrüglichkeit call a witness to the truth that you in this matter, so you an oath is imposed, speak no untruth false or Betrüglichkeit or use wilt in some white, so speaking of Jud - Yes! Addnay eternal God Almighty ruled over all the Melachim one God of my peoples who hast given us the holy Torah, I'll call you and your holy name Adonay and your almighty power that you have read me helfest confirm the oath which I shall do now, and where I am going wrong or swear deceitfully, so sey I deprived of all grace of the Eternal God, and I will impose all the penalties and curses that God has cursed the Jews imposed, and my soul and body also agree not part of the promise has done us God, and I will not have part in fairs still on earth promised the Holy seel. Country. I also promise and bezeug in the eternal God Adonay, that I will not covet, ask or receive some explanation, interpretation, Abnehmung or forgiveness of any Jews or other people where I'm going so I do with this my oath now, some people cheat. Amen. "
The Frankfurt Rabbi Leopold Stein (1810-1882), published in June 1847 a memorandum, which aimed at the abolition of the Jew envy in Frankfurt.
" Big Braunschweigischer Jew envy "
The Braunschweig Jew envy is preserved in a manuscript collection from the second half of the 15th century. The preserved in the Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel manuscript dates from the library of the Brunswick town clerk Gerwin of Hameln (1415-1496) and shows the representation of a Jew with typical hat and clothing that has required since 1434 yellow rings. The oath was valid in the Principality of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel. It is not known whether the oath was also applied in the city of Braunschweig. There existed the traditional process logs by large and small Jew envy. These oaths had to be sworn into the synagogue, had to wear a hat when they are leaving the Swearing.