Oboe

Missing Infobox musical instrument / maintenance / Parameters Sound example: template

The oboe ( oboe outdated ) is a woodwind instrument with a double reed. Your name is derived from the French haut bois, which means " high or loud wood ".

2.1 Tabuteau construction

7.1 soloist
7.2 Chamber Music
7.3 Orchestra
7.4 Jazz
7.5 rock and pop music
7.6 Military Music

Design and function

Parts of the Oboe

The approximately 65 -centimeter-long instrument has a conical bore and blowing into the octave. The body of the oboe is in three parts and consists of the upper part, middle part and cup ( or foot piece ). Upper piece and middle piece have a korkummantelten pin which is inserted into a corresponding metal sleeve at the upper end of middle piece or cup at its lower end. Last is the mouthpiece of oboist usually simply called tube, inserted above into the top piece. Both for body as well as the pipes have their own cases in which they are stored and transported.

The corpus

Oboes are made of African blackwood, boxwood or ebony, rare instruments are made of rosewood, rosewood, cocobolo or other exotic hardwoods. At the upper end of the middle piece is mounted on the back of the thumb rest, by means of which the instrument is held. Due to the key mechanism in the course of its history ( to meet the increasing demands for sound and intonation to meet ) with increasing complexity that caused to ever smaller space - especially at the upper part - more and more holes and metal inserts were mounted, was the wood therefore always subjected to greater loads. This meant that fell back gradually to harder and harder types of wood that can withstand this load. Meanwhile, there are also quite successful attempts with plastic or with composite materials ( wood waste and carbon fibers ). Also oboes are made of transparent acrylic glass. The ebonite and acrylic glass oboes are in great demand for use in extreme climatic conditions, since there the wood easily runs the risk of tearing.

The mechanics

The oboe is considered one of the most complicated in construction instruments. The flaps and goats are forged from nickel silver or similar slightly vibrating materials and then coated with a variety of silver and / or gold alloys. The number of valves varies from model to model. The tone holes are closed by flaps modern oboe. Each flap is fitted with a " key pads " that covers the tone hole. These pads are made of either fish skin with a filling in it or of cork and must be accurately fitted by the instrument makers, so that they close airtight. On the bottom of each door, a steel spring is hooked up, which ensures that the flap by itself returns to the correct position when you release the shutter. The flaps are operated either with your fingers or by means of ingenious lever mechanism. Directly with your fingers closed doors often in this case have holes that allow a partial closure of the tone hole. At the top of these flaps this is provided via a special form of the flap, this half-hole is used in several tones for Octave. Other such holes are closed mechanically with pressure from other flaps partially. Ring keys oboes have open holes, which allow, by partially closing their large holes with the fingers a simpler game of glissandi and microtones (without open holes they can be about the approach, microtones also be reached via special handles). There are also oboes with only single ring flaps. The flap and lever mechanism is quite complicated; there exists a number of cross-links between the individual flaps, which are adjusted and set using small screws.

The designs

The French Oboe

There are so-called fully and semi- automatic oboe. In a semi-automatic ever a lever to open the door is available for the first and second octave key. With a fully automatic oboe is only one lever, the change is happening here between the tones gis '' a'' and automatically for both octave keys. The fully automatic mechanism is particularly widespread in Germany, Poland and the Netherlands, the semi-automatic in the U.S. and France. Both designs have their advantages and disadvantages. With semi-automatic oboe can be, especially in the high range of c'' ' up more alternative fingerings for each note, see, allow more different tone colors and a more nuanced game. Even in semi-automatic oboe, the two octave keys can not operate independently of each other, the lever for the second octave key automatically closes the first. The fully automatic oboe is easier to use because a flap is removed, but it is vulnerable and can repair in modern experimental works or not only difficult sometimes be used. Regardless of a third octave key is distributed, that can be operated by another lever.

Depending on the model, there are various trill keys, which are used when in quick clay compounds, particularly in trills, a change between the two handles is sufficiently rapid not possible, for example for compounds c '' -d '' c'' - cis' ' AS' and b '. Sound and height, however, differ in part considerably over the standard grips. Regardless, there are alternative fingerings, some of which run through the mechanism for closure of the same flap, but also imply otherwise tonal differences for many sounds.

The Viennese oboe

In addition to the widespread around the world design the French oboe, the Viennese oboe, played almost exclusively in Vienna, such as the Orchestra of the Vienna Philharmonic exists. It is mensuriert something different, has in depth a little softer, narrower in the upper layer and her, overtone-rich sound. It ranges in depth in the standard form until the small hours, with a special foot piece, however, is also the little b playable. The Viennese oboe is the instrument baroque and classical oboe structurally, tonally and in the playing technique similar than the French oboe because it has been changed more by innovations of French instrument makers such as Henri Brod or Guillaume Triébert. Thus disappeared in French models, the stakes of the flap hinge in favor of such metal and there were added many flaps to extend the tonal range of alternative and handle combinations. The Viennese oboe was less changed, the form an octave however, has been greatly facilitated by an octave key. The timbre of the Viennese oboe varies between piano and forte less. The Vienna School of oboes training differs also in the style of interpretation (less vibrato use, clearer phrasing, notes shorter, less sanglich ).

The tone

The sound generator is done with a single dual reed, which is made between the inwardly curved lips and bubbled with high pressure. In the body of the oboe sound according to the principle of the standing wave is generated in an instrument tube. It forms a vibrating air column. With the opening and closing of the valves, the length of the vibrating air column and thus the wavelength is changed: the sound is higher or lower. Since the oboe - shown schematically - a (conical bored ) on both sides opened tube ( correspondences can also be upon organ pipes found ) forms for the low register (eg root c) as a column of air a half shaft, in which all even and odd harmonics are included. In the ( first ) Overblowing forms in the middle of an additional pressure node and the oboe on blowing into the octave ( twice the frequency ). (Example: a conventional concert pitch a1 = 443 Hz and an octave above it a2 = 886 Hz). The physical properties of the oboe are extremely complex and currently not fully understood, since a variety of factors influence the sounds and their quality. Many valves are adjustable by means of Stellschräubchen and are to some extent with the sound quality and / or intonation of other sounds in close connection. For example, the slightest deviation from improper setting of the flap of the c ' cause that sounds begin in the highest register to noise or even be unplayable. Innovations in instrument to stabilize the intonation or more comfortable playability and response ( which means how easily the particular sound to bring in vibration is ) still based today on tests that are developed based on the results or even discarded.

In the Baroque period had the oboe a range of two octaves chromatic intervals, from c ' to c'''. The missing special Überblastechnik octave key for the second octave and differing from the lower octave grips was necessary to obtain a correct intonation. The range of the modern oboe begins mostly at small b, depending on the model even when a small or in small h From the e'' ' vary the handles used quite strong, as to the usual upper limit varies between f'' ' and b ' '' but higher tones are possible. With a special approach technique, the so-called Beißtechnik in which the oboist hang up the upper and lower teeth at the baseline of the scraping of the mouthpiece, bringing a much shorter portion of the tube to vibrate, are even higher tones, possibly even up to a'' '' playable, as they are sometimes called in contemporary compositions.

The sound of the oboe is strong and sounds depending on wind school and regional tradition of nasal - light to dark velvety. From the very soft sound character of the Baroque, the tone developed ever closer to the sound of the modern oboe, which allows for a more nuanced game, as it has simplified (especially in the silent area ) and also quick staccato more dynamic ways. The gameplay and thus the sound of the oboe is very different between the various schools; as is maintained by some oboist Albrecht Mayer such as François Leleux or a very velvety- soft clay, while others oboist such as Heinz Holliger, Pierre Pierlot or Burkhard Glaetzner play the oboe rather brighter and nasal. The earlier, more limited national division into a voluminous round "German" sound and a narrower, but more flexible " French " sound is faded into the background.

Because the oboe tone very strong overtones (especially the 3rd, 4th and 5th ), its sound is very audible. Therefore, it has become since the 19th century that one of the oboist before rehearsals and performances the other musicians set the tone a ' set the mood. Today use oboist for precise control of frequency like an electronic tuner. The oboe is in Germany and Austria is usually a tuning pitch of a '= 442-444 Hz voted, the Viennese oboe from 443 Hz to 446 Hz are in other countries, other vocal heights between 440 Hz and 444 Hz usual ( see also pitch ).

The mouthpiece

The mouthpiece of the oboe, briefly called " pipe " is, ( Arundo donax ) is manufactured by oboist of the internodes of the pile tube. The wood comes from the region around Avignon ( Southern France) or from California, where it is grown on specially for this purpose operated plantations. The French positions at Frejus and Avignon have special climatic conditions which can be found nowhere else. For example, the warm, dry air from the Sahara that is sweeping through southern France, and the Mistral wind which seem to be partly responsible. Therefore, many attempts to grow the wood elsewhere failed. Oboe reeds are sensitive to mechanical impact. The oboist soaked before use, the mouthpiece in water to make it pliable and therefore playable.

The sound quality and speech of Oboentons and thus the level of playful oboist hanging in a strong way on the quality of the pipe wood used and the careful production of the oboe tube. Oboist therefore spend a lot of time and care on the construction of their specially tailored to their personal constitution pipes.

The ease with which the instrument is played depends largely on the mouthpiece. Since the oboe playing is very tiring by the always aufrechtzuhaltenden lip pressure as needed slight different mouthpieces can be customized; very easy to play mouthpieces, have however, since they are very thin, a sharp and nasal sound - the building of mouthpieces is therefore a balancing act between sonority and playability.

The mouthpiece consists of a sleeve ( a korkummanteltes conical metal tube at the lower end ) and the wood, which will be connected to this sleeve. There are different schools of construction and accordingly for making oboe mouthpieces:

The German and European design: The mouthpiece if necessary, using gold-beater skin ( " fish skin"), sealed Teflon tape or beeswax, and there will be a wire clamp to stabilize around the tube rotated as needed. The oboist scrape with a scraper blade with the aid of a Plaque to the top of the timber to obtain his desired sound. The shaved part is called "web", and the top ( and thinnest ) mm of the mouthpiece is called " address ". The length of the scraping varies between 9 mm ( Germany ) to 14 mm (Netherlands).

Tabuteau construction

An American variant of the construction of oboe mouthpieces was developed by Marcel Tabuteau, John De Lancie and his students. It is dispensed urgently wire. A well- shaped tube needs no sealer, as this seal by offset of itself, otherwise this is done by means of paraffin, beeswax, cigarette paper or gold-beater skin.

Important difference is the complicated shape of the blade scraped. It is a "heart " shaped with a " half-moon " to the front. Behind the "heart" is located in the middle of the " spine ", which is just under the skin and on both sides of the " lungs " for bass sounds. The lungs are sometimes arranged asymmetrically. At the edge of the " ribs " of complete shell be left and decaying formed. The beauty of sound is a combination of the quality of the wood and mainly determined by the heart; intonation in medium and especially higher position is determined by the absolute and relative length of the tip in relation to other areas, while the supporting force and deep location of the lungs and an offset in the scraping can be assigned special. These tubes are matched to Loree and other French oboes. This pipe design is used by Paul McCandless (Oregon ) in the jazz field.

The breathing technique

When breathing technique the oboe takes under all wind instruments a special position. With no other instrument can be personalized with a single breath so long solos like playing with the oboe. The reason lies in the nature of the mouthpiece. To bring the small double reed to vibrate, it requires great pressure. At the same time the distance between the two against each other the beating leaves are tiny, they are only about an inch apart, so you hardly consumes air and needs a precise breathing technique. The lungs are barely cleared the game, so that the volume most consistently remains in the game above the reached at the end of normal exhalation volume. Before inhalation usually needs a breathing occur at approximately the same respite or shortly before, to keep the carbon dioxide content low.

Difficulty and rumors about side effects

There is a widespread notion that the oboe is particularly difficult to play. Approximately led the Guinness Book of World Records from 1989 to the oboe as toughest next to the French horn instrument. This has several reasons:

One reason could lie in the story. After the Baroque oboe led a " shadow" side, their sound was not asked for solo works simply. It was a concert only written when a oboist was lucky enough to know better a composer ( both the concert of Richard Strauss and Bohuslav Martinu created in this way ). Accordingly, the development of this instrument stagnated due to the low demand, it was bulky to play (with horns is that fact with " a lot of resistance ") that it was the tubes "somehow" manufactured sound and playability were correspondingly. Under these circumstances, only a very few were able to bring himself to learn the oboe. In the province of the oboe almost died out, their part has been transferred to regional formations of clarinet or soprano saxophone. Only the oboist Heinz Holliger could with his virtuosic playing in the second half of the 20th century herald a renaissance for the oboe, and the instrument regained popularity, and can now be learned at most music schools. Although today's instruments and is absolutely not to be compared with Rohrbau prevailing conditions, retained the oboe their reputation " difficult " to be.
As you can read in the " tone " and "mechanics", the oboe has a complicated structure. If this does not appeal to a sound that can have many different reasons. It could be on the tube, or you " bites " simply too much and " tweaks " so the sound. But it could also be a contaminant in the tone hole be to blame, it could be plain water have accumulated in them. Something has perhaps caught up in the hole, a crack has formed, or hiring a screw has changed, so that a door is not tight, etc.
Another is " breathing technique " read in the section.

There is also a widespread rumor that playing the oboe with the " pressure in the head" " 'm crazy " or stupid. There is no scientific evidence for this. However, oboist who are struggling especially as a beginner sometimes quite with the breathing technique. A study from 1999 showed in fact that the reached in the peak pressure in the mouth with oboist is much higher than for clarinet, saxophone or bassoon. Also the rumor, oboe games was associated with an increased risk of stroke goes.

History

The earliest illustration of an oboe precursor originates from the year 3000 BC During the ancient times, there were oboe- like instruments such as the aulos Greek or the Roman tibia. The Bible mentions an apparently oboe- like instrument called Khalil. This was used in the temple and is one of the traditions according to all of Jerusalem. The Psalms command to praise God with the Khalil.

In the Middle Ages, there were various forms of conical double-reed instruments such as the Pomeranian or the shawm. From the latter originated in the 17th century by the instrument maker Jean de Hotteterre ( Commissioned by Jean -Baptiste Lully ) the ( baroque) oboe. The baroque oboe first had seven finger holes and two flaps. Over time it has evolved from woodwinds farmers, close mensuriert ( French bore ) and provided with a sophisticated mechanics. In the 18th century there were the two main forms of the oboe piccola (now common form ) and the oboe bassa ( Grand Hautbois ), which was slightly larger and a third lower standing (in A).

The first oboe originated around 1660 in the time of Jean -Baptiste Lully and Jean de Hotteterre. The first recorded use of the oboe can be found in the opera pamone by Jean -Baptiste Lully ( 1628-1677 ). These oboes were rebuilt by French instrument maker to the current models, especially in the 19th century.

Oboe instruments

There are various types of oboe. In Europe, particularly known:

Oboe
Oboe d' amore
English horn
Oboe da caccia
Musette
Baritone, Heckelphone
Baroque

The oboe d' amore, standing in a, sounds a minor third lower than the oboe. The English horn is in F and sounds a fifth lower. Predecessor instrument the English horn in the same tone of voice was the oboe da caccia. Even deeper (one octave below the oboe) sound Heckelphone and baritone (also bass oboe ), both are tuned in C, but different scale lengths. The Musette ( in f) is a fourth higher tuned than the oboe. For the conditions of the Baroque period as similar as possible performances are also increasingly instruments of the then state of development, so-called Baroque oboes, recreated. These have only one to three flaps and have the slightly wider mouthpiece and by the narrower bore a darker but softer sound than the modern, classical oboe.

Use in the music

Soloist

Since the Baroque period, the oboe is a popular solo instrument, many composers they valued in the expressiveness of the human voice as the most similar. Johann Sebastian Bach put them in his cantatas and Passions regularly as an accompanying instrument to represent different emotions (often suffering or sorrow, but there are also plenty of examples of pastoral or pleasurable feelings ) a. An important composer for oboe in the 18th century was Georg Philipp Telemann, were obtained from the nine of oboe concertos, there are also three concertos for oboe d' amore. One of the first works that he published in his publishing house, the little Cammer -Music, six partitas was " especially [ ... ] before the Hautbois " of 1716. Partitas These are also dedicated oboist.

So in the Baroque period was the Sonata for oboe and basso a popular form, and later the oboe came as a chamber music or solo instrument among others in the Three Romances by Robert Schumann and the sonatas for oboe and piano by Camille Saint- Saëns or Paul Hindemith. Also worth mentioning is the Sonata for Oboe and Piano by Francis Poulenc.

Among the known oboe concertos include:

JS Bach: BWV 1053 and 1055 (both for oboe d' amore ), BWV 1056 (oboe ), BWV 1060 (oboe and violin)
Alessandro Marcello: Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra in D minor
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra in C major, K. 314
Joseph Haydn: Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra in C major Hob VIIg: C1 ( Haydn's authorship doubtful)
Vincenzo Bellini: Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra in E flat major
R. Vaughan Williams: Concerto for Oboe and Strings in A minor (1944 )
R. Strauss: Concerto for oboe and small orchestra in D major
B. Martinů: Concerto for oboe and small orchestra (1955 )
Frigyes Hidas: Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra ( 1952)
Bruno Maderna Concerto for Oboe and Chamber Ensemble ( = 1 Oboe Concerto, 1962); 2 Oboe Concerto (1967); 3 Oboe Concerto (1973 )

Other composers who have contributed to this genre are George Frideric Handel and Antonio Vivaldi.

By Ludwig van Beethoven's Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra in F Major Hess 12, the sentence beginnings ( " incipits " ) from the list of works of Beethoven's private secretary Schindler in a copy of Anton Diabelli are obtained from 1840. From the second set of a sketch from Beethoven's sketchbook with Oboe and parts of the accompaniment was found in 1960, it was reconstructed by Cees Nieuwenhuizen and Jos van der Zanden and first performed in 2003.

The written by Frigyes Hidas as thesis Oboe Concerto met with enthusiasm from the beginning and is now the most played Hungarian Oboe Concerto.

The American composer John Corigliano points out in his Oboe Concerto in some unusual but typical characteristics of the Oboe: so the first sentence, Tuning Game, with a fully composed Tuning the orchestra by the solo oboe, which then changed the mood begins. In the last sentence, Rheita Dance, the oboist mimics an Arabic oboe ( Rhaita ) by continuing to take the reed in the mouth, creating a sharper sound.

From the 20th century many works for oboe originated unaccompanied. Worth mentioning are the Six Metamorphoses after Ovid by Benjamin Britten, the Sonatina by Ernst Krenek, Monodies by Charles Koechlin, the elegy of Dietrich Erdmann, Piri by Isang Yun, Solo for oboe by Aribert Reimann, Sequenza VII by Luciano Berio as well as numerous studies Heinz Holliger.

Chamber Music

From this period numerous trio sonatas for two oboes and basso continuo are obtained. In the woodwind chamber music the oboe ( wind octet, usually pairs of oboes, clarinets, bassoons and horns) plays an important role in the wind quintet and in the harmony of music. In Mozart's time numerous operas and other works were ' set harmony ' on. Less well known are oboe trio ( 3 Oboes or 2 oboes and English horn ) or reed trio (Trio d' Anches, oboe, clarinet and bassoon). Other important pieces in other occupations there by Francis Poulenc, Jean Francaix, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Bohuslav Martinů, André Jolivet or.

Orchestra

Since the Baroque period, the oboe has a permanent place in the orchestra and that, besides flute and bassoon, the first representative of the woodwinds. In the highly variable populations of the Baroque period can be found in Germany (for example, Bach's Orchestral Suites ) usually two oboes, French style often three, which were occupied often multiple times ( the French court arose simultaneously with the " violons du Roi " and the equally privileged group the " skin- bois du Roi "). Since the Mannheim orchestra standard, there are two Oboes (1st and 2nd oboe), especially in the romance but also three and four (see Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss) and / or English Horn. Occasionally ( rarely) be doubled Oboes.

Large oboe solos in the orchestral literature can be found in all composers, mostly for lyrical, getragenere melodies. Worth mentioning are in addition to the mentioned works by Bach, for example, the funeral march in Beethoven's 3rd Symphony, the theme in the slow movement of the great C major Symphony of Schubert, the theme in the slow movement in the Brahms Violin Concerto or the Andante from Symphony No. 4 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. In fast passages, especially in the staccato, the oboe also produce a comic effect, as in many places in Wagner operas, Alban Berg's Wozzeck or jointly with flute and piccolo in the chick Ballet of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition ( Ravel Orchestration ).

Jazz

Even outside their traditional field of application the oboe is used as an instrument. To mention is certainly the French oboist Jean -Luc Fillon, who has the more improvised jazz music given new impetus by the use of oboe and English horn in his plays and opens unknown sound horizons. The saxophonist Yusef Lateef used more often the oboe, which he likes, that makes the nature of the Arab Rhaita with the pipe in his mouth, which produces a sharp, schalmeiartigen tone. Another well-known oboist of the jazz scene is Paul McCandless of the group Oregon. McCandless plays a more refined by Tabuteau technique Lorée, as well as English horn and Heckelphone.

Rock and pop music

Even in rock music the oboe has been used as a tool occasionally. For example, used Peter Gabriel on different disks of Genesis ( Nursery Cryme 1971 Foxtrot 1972 Selling England By The Pound 1973 The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway 1974) the oboe as a distinctive sounding woodwind phonetic complement to the sometimes delicate and very nuanced musical style of the group. Roxy Music also has the oboe used regularly since the early days. In pop music the oboe is, inter alia, by Art Garfunkel ( in the song Bright Eyes, 1979, Comp Mike Batt) Tanita Tikaram and ( in the song Twist in My Sobriety, 1988) as heard in the song Pe Werner's Blue Hour as a solo, played by Michael Dorka. The French metal band Penumbra also used an oboe as a characteristic feature, as well as the Pagan Metal band Finsterforst in their album World Power (2007).

Military Music

The oboe has long been a leading instrument of military music. It has survived until the early 20th century, the rank of an officer or hautboist Stabsoboist as head of a military band.

Extended techniques

Find, especially in the new music some extended techniques on the oboe use, these include:

By overblowing Harmonics generated.
Multiphonics, which are generated by certain attacks, and do not necessarily usual tones, as well as matching approach and suitable blowing.
Dental contact with the mouthpiece to produce particularly high tones.
Clogging of the bell to dampen the sound.
Using the flaps as a percussion instrument.
Play without a mouthpiece. A noise generation can be done simply by bubbling or by using the voice. The oboe can be used without a mouthpiece through play with the lips as a brass instrument.

Education

Until the 1970s, children were discouraged with immature lungs to learn oboe. With the rediscovery of the Baroque with its easier to blow- pipes, this has changed. So today can begin at the age of seven to ten years, with the oboe children. To this end, oboes are especially for children ( with simplified mechanics or without flaps, sometimes in high f) are available. Taught is the instrument most youth music schools as well as private music teachers. Particularly conducive and motivating is the early ensemble, for example in small chamber music groups in concert band or classical symphony.

Oboe schools enrolled among others Apollon Barret, Joseph Sellner, Francois Joseph Garnier, Gustav Adolf Hinke.

Known manufacturers

Important oboe manufacturers are Marigaux and Rigoutat. Your oboes mainly differ in timbre; the oboes of Marigaux (played by François Leleux and Lajos Lencses ) sound generally soft and velvety, while a Rigoutat (played by Heinz Holliger ) direct and nasal sounds, making it suitable especially for new music. Other major producers are Lorée oboes, Buffet Crampon, Monnig (played by Albrecht Mayer) and Dupin (played by Christoph Hartmann).

Germany: Ludwig Frank, Püchner, Monnig, eagles, Sonora, Guntram Wolf
France: Marigaux, Buffet Crampon, Fossati, Lorée - DeGourdon, Rigoutat, Strasser, Cabart, Guy Dupin
UK: Howarth
Italy: Patricola, Bulgheroni Incagnoli
Japan: Yamaha, Josef
Luxembourg: Roland Dupin
Austria: Zuleger, Stecher ( Viennese oboe )
USA: Fox, Selmer

Known oboist

Known oboist of the Baroque were especially Giuseppe Sammartini and Nicolas Chédeville who wrote both compositions for the instrument. At the time of Classical lived the famous oboist Ludwig August Lebrun, who was also a composer and has written several concertos for his instrument, and Giuseppe Ferlendis, which is dedicated the Oboe Concerto by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The most famous oboist of romance was certainly wrote Pasculli Antonio, a Sicilian oboe virtuoso, the virtuoso oboe concertos on known opera themes and thereby set new technical standards of the oboe game.

Known oboist of the first half of the 20th century, Pierre Pierlot and especially Léon Goossens, the oboe concertos by Ralph Vaughan Williams, Cyril Scott and Eugène Goossens are dedicated.

Well-known contemporary oboists are Albrecht Mayer and Hansjörg Schellenberger (both were or are members of the Berlin Philharmonic), François Leleux, Thomas Indermühle Emanuel Abbühl, Burkhard Glaetzner, Lajos Lencses, Ingo Goritzki and Heinz Holliger, who, like next to the rediscovery of composers for example, Jan Dismas Zelenka and Johann Gottlieb Graun is particularly committed to the avant-garde and the works of many important contemporary composers such as Luciano Berio and Isang Yun dedicated.

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