Oil painting

The oil painting is the artistic painting with oil paints and is considered a " classic royal discipline " of art, which is particularly useful for portrait, landscape, still life and genre painting on the application. The durability and brilliance of oil painting is unsurpassed. Oil as a binder, a major constituent of of oil paint, hence the term for oil painting derives.

Artists appreciate the oil painting painting technique due to their good properties. For the oil painting is balsam turpentine, resin varnish ( damar or mastic resin solution) and / or oil used as a painting medium. Suitable diluents used turpentine. An oil painting is created by the old painters rule " rich to lean ." Incorrectly painting, for example, by too much oil or too highly absorbent painting surface, the oil painting wrinkles or cracks can get. Smoothly polished oil paintings more prone to cracking, the Krakelüre. In older oil paintings often occur age cracks on that stretch like a net over the image. over time, an oil painting turns yellow, depending on the oils and resins used. Without sunlight, such as storage, intensified this process and can, in turn, by re- exposure to light partially reversing be made. , the oil painting can after complete drying and curing of all color layers (often only after more than one year) are coated with a protective varnish the surface.

History

This form of painting has been known since the 13th century and was later further developed mainly by Jan van Eyck, also out of the need to overcome the limitations of linear rather stressed technique of tempera painting. The oldest known recipes can be found in the Strasbourg manuscript.

The ultimate perfection of this new technology and significant impetus to their dissemination are mainly attributed to Jan van Eyck. Antonello da Messina brought them to Italy, where it spread initially much slower than in Northern Europe. Even during the 16th century it was customary to combine the technology with tempera paints, but other painters such as Rubens used parallel tempera paints.

Traces of oil paintings were also found near the blown up by the Taliban Buddha statues. The oldest of these paintings date back to the 7th century.

Painting techniques

Separation of form and color

The medieval usual, mainly developed by Jan van Eyck to Titian common and Technique of separation of form and color allowed for the image design in artisanal workshops as a manageable process. The technique allows a very natural and detailed representation of forms and was therefore used in the modern era of Surrealists like Dali.

After a plan drawing made ​​by the master and - usually by an apprentice - was transferred to the screen ( strung with white gesso primed wood panel or canvas with a thin wood panel), the artist developed the shadow shape. This happened with egg tempera, for example, Siena, ultramarine or black, depending on the desired effect - now often taken Japan to ink. As a next step, a first thin, translucent coating, the glaze of resin lean oil paint is done to develop a so-called middle tone and overall sound. This first layer is called imprimatura. The overall tone determines the later image character, whether cold or hot, steamed or dark, etc. The midrange, which lies between the darkest and lightest tone of the picture ( it often is an earth color, Dürer, for example, ocher, or Bartholomäus Bruyn at a green Bohemian earth color ) allows the ensuing development of the forms by applying the thin places, the so-called white highlights. With white tempera, the light is painted, there arises the plasticity and three-dimensionality of the image. The change of glaze and white heightening allowed a careful development of the image and allows many correction layers. It can be painted as pictures of great depth and inner vitality. From Titian as well as by Stefan Lochner you know that they auftrugen up to 150 layers in Lochner's case, in part even more. The completion of this formal side of the picture is also called grisaille, up to this point, the image essentially only ocher, black and white as colors.

Only now the actual color by color glazes is done in oil or oil -resin paint in several layers partly to the completion of the image. First, a varnish of linseed oil or dammar applied ( the so-called intermediate varnish ) obtained by drying in four to five days. Thereafter, the individual form games are the desired color glazed ( local color ). The local color can be deepened by multiple translucent order of layers that have to dry each time. The background music should always shine through, so it may not or only very careful with body color, that is white mixed with color painted. Finally, the light and shadow shapes can still engrossed by peaks and thus the image to be completed. Seen painting technique is the color of the painting process easier. In principle, the color more easily and effortlessly manage the stronger and more perfect the underpainting.

Since all layers of paint have to dry each, the emergence of an image in the technique described here can be very long until years take months.

Tone-on -tone painting

The tone-on -tone painting is a kind of summary procedure, the separation of form and color is largely canceled and is only used rudimentary for correction. The technique was developed around the 16th century to the design of large representative formats. Especially Titian was instrumental in the development of this technology. It was used in modified form by Pablo Picasso ( blue or pink period ) and Max Beckmann. Painted on a colored background with tonal color ( mostly earth tones ); such reasons Bolusgründe hot. The drawing is loosely applied with dark earth color or gray colored and allowed to dry. It starts immediately with white heightening of egg tempera, the white is already taken drowned. So can be set the tendencies of local color by mixing in red, blue and so on. Beckmann worked, for example much on a red background, is the drawing was incorporated loose with a darker tone. It follows a colored intermediate varnish in the root. Correction layers that also contain color, can be applied until the artist is satisfied with the result. From Titian to know that he applied 40-50 layers. At the end of the color deepening of the image followed by multiple glazes. The tone-on- tone - painting for the first time allowed the search for form in the picture during painting and allows very free forms, so that a picture of how it's made Rembrandt van Rijn often, can be radically changed and reorganized.

Prima painting

The term prima painting or alla prima painting is derived from the Italian prima " on first " or prima vista " at first sight ". With the advent of tubes of oil colors and the increasing importance of plein air painting the prima painting was one of the most common oil techniques. The Prima painting refers to a procedure in which an attempt is made to place the color right away in one step to the right place without subsequent corrections such as retouching or the wiping out of wet paint. The mixing of color takes place primarily on a pallet; thus the simply styled, limited to a few colors color mixtures, uncomplicated to find. The painter has in the Prima painting the final version of the image in my head and already sets each color as a last valid tone. Its counterpart is the layers of painting, such as the glaze painting with its soundtrack, which had its highlights in the Italian Renaissance and Dutch Baroque. Related to the Alla - prima painting is the wet-on- wet technique. As a master of Alla - prima painting is considered Cézanne. Philipp Otto Runge complained that " people like to paint from the bucket of lime ." Beginners painting often want to paint alla prima, because you directly see a result. It is easily overlooked that this technique requires experience, lack thereof leads to deplorable results.

Mixed technique

The mixing technique is a painting technique in the oil painting, which use different binders within an image. It is as specific achievement of creative artists in Europe an important European cultural heritage.

Heyday was the Dutch baroque painting, the offset oil paint with resins to achieve the enamel -like deep shine. From the Netherlands, starting this technique spread throughout Europe and has long been the authoritative Technique for Oil Painting. It was superseded by the Alla -prima painting and rejected by the Impressionists, so that the knowledge of it was practically forgotten.

Otto Dix was eg master this technique. He painted into the wet oil paint with egg tempera paint and reached its color depth. A special expert and users of mixing technology in the 20th century was Egon von Vietinghoff, which they self-taught has developed for 35 years and in addition to his extensive oeuvre of his work experience summed up in the manual on the technique of painting.

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