Orange (fruit)

The Orange ( pronunciation: [ oraŋʒə ] or [ orɑ ː ʒə ] ), north of the Speyer line ( called biopsies from Dutch, literally " apple from China / Sina" ) also orange called, is an evergreen tree, in particular also its fruit is so called. The valid botanical name of Citrus × sinensis L. is orange, so it belongs to the genus of citrus plants (Citrus ) of the rue family ( Rutaceae ). She comes from China or Southeast Asia, where it originated from a cross of mandarin (Citrus reticulata ) and grapefruit (Citrus maxima).

Which originated from the same parental species Bitter Orange is distinguished because of their completely different uses of the sweet oranges. While bitter orange has come later than in the 11th century in Italy, the sweet version was introduced only in the 15th century to Europe, where it was first cultivated almost exclusively in Portugal. Today, the sweet orange is the most cultivated citrus fruit in the world.

• 9.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Oranges are small to medium sized, evergreen trees with plant height up to 10 meters. The round canopy has a regular branch. The young branches are staffed edged with thin, flexible, rather obtuse, up to 8 cm long spines.

The alternate and spirally arranged on the branches ( unifoliaten ) leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is obovate, only slightly widened ( winged ), with a narrow base, 1-3 cm wide and 0.6 to 1.5 cm long. The leathery, thick, dark green leaf blade is clearly separated from the petiole, leaf base with a rounded, oval and pointed.

The cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are milky white.

Generative features

The flowers are individually together in the leaf axils or in few-flowered, racemose inflorescences. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite or radial symmetry and purely male with double perianth. The four or five sepals are fused. The five free petals are colored white. There are 20 to 25 stamens present, the stamens are fused at their base to multiple groups. The ovary is oval and clearly deducted from the stylus. In Europe, the Orange from February to June, China blooms from April to May

Orange trees develop - like many other citrus fruits - without cross-pollination fruit. When the fruit ( hesperidium ) is the sarcocarp from ten to thirteen segments, occasionally yellow filled with juice sacs of mostly orange to red color. Each segment is surrounded by a thin membrane ( endocarp ), the whole fruit of a two-part shell. The inner layer of the shell is white ( mesocarp, albedo ), the outer orange when ripe ( exocarp, flavedo ). In the ripe fruit bowl sitting numerous oil glands, they give off an aromatic scent. Peel and segments are fused together, the fruit can be peeled heavier or share than other citrus fruits. The central axis of the fruit is - in contrast to the bitter orange - not hollow. Each fruit contains many seeds. The large, oval seeds have a rough seed coat and a white interior. Every seed contains one to usually many embryos of different sizes. In China, the fruits ripen from September to December.

The basic chromosome number is n = 9, in addition to diploid forms also occur polyploid forms.

Color and fruit quality

In the absence of cold nights the fruits remain green and still develop their good food quality. Only when cold, the fruit is orange to red. The color orange is therefore not a feature of maturity. However, since the Western European and North American consumers hold the green color for a Unreifemerkmal, the green fruit are degreened from early harvests straight. Resulting loss of quality to be accepted for the sake of better marketing. The degreening is allowed in the EU.

Naming

The name Orange comes over Altprovenzalisch auranja and Spanish naranja from Arabic ( نارنج nārandsch ), which in turn over the Persian ( نارنج nārendsch, Narang, and نارنگ nāreng ) and Sanskrit naranga on a dravidisches word ( cf. Tamil Naram ) back. The n- was in borrowing from Spanish into other Romance languages ​​by means other Anlautkonsonanten replaced ( laranja Portuguese, Catalan Taronja ) and eventually went completely lost ( Provencal, French, Italian: arancia ). In Arabic, the Orange called today برتقال burtuqāl (of Portugal ), while نارنج nārandsch stands for the bitter orange. Similarly, the bitter νεράντζι nerantsi of the sweet πορτοκάλι portokali is distinguished in the modern Greek. The color orange is named after the fruit.

The name is derived from orange apple orange, Chinese apple, (cf. ndl. Sinaasappel = China's apple). Until the mid-20th century there was a clear distinction in language use - north of Main, Rhine Palatinate Germany and East Germany, the fruit was called orange. Meanwhile, the index form is orange by increasing, presumably because this name " fine " sounds. The large North German fruit juice manufacturers riha used claims to the name orange juice, when the juice contains pulp.

The first description under the name Citrus aurantium was made in 1793 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 2, pp. 782-783. It has been recognized that it is a hybrid and Citrus × aurantium is correct and therefore valid. There are a large number of synonyms: × aurantium acre Mill, A. × corniculatum Mill, A. × distortum Mill, A. × humile Miller, A. × myrtifolium escourtilz, A. × sinense Miller, A. vulgare × ( Risso ) M.Gómez, Citrus × amara Link, C. × aurantium subsp. amara Engler, C. × aurantium var bigaradia ( Loiseleur ) Brandis, C. × aurantium var crassa Risso, C. × aurantium var daidai Makino, C. × aurantium dulcis var Hayne, C. × aurantium var fetifera Risso, C. × aurantium var lusitanica Risso, C. × aurantium myrtifolia var Ker Gawler, C. × aurantium SubF. nobilis ( Lour. ) Hiroe, C. × aurantium var sanguinea Engler, C. × aurantium SubF. sinensis ( L.) Hiroe, C. × aurantium subsp. sinensis ( L.) Engler, C. × aurantium L. var sinensis, C. aurantium × subsp. Suntara Engler, C. × aurantium var vulgaris ( Risso ) Risso & Poiteau, C. × aurata Risso, C. × bigaradia Loiseleur, C. × changshan - huyou YBChang, C. communis × Poiteau & Turpin, C. decumana ( L.) L. var paradisi ( Macfadyen ) HHANicholls, C. × dulcis Persoon, C. × florida Salisbury, C. × humilis (Mill.) Poiret, C. maxima ( Burman ) Merrill var uvacarpa Merrill, C. × myrtifolia ( Ker Gawler ) Raf., C. × paradisi Macfadyen, C. × sinensis ( L.) Osbeck, C. × sinensis var brasiliensis Tanaka, C. × sinensis subsp. crassa ( Risso ) Rivera et al., C. × sinensis subsp. fetifera ( Risso ) Rivera et al., C. × sinensis subsp. lusitanica ( Risso ) Rivera et al., C. × sinensis var sanguinea ( Engler ) Engler, C. × sinensis var Sekkan Hayata, C. × sinensis subsp. Suntara ( Engler ) Engler, C. × taiwanica Tanaka & Shimada; C. × tangelo Ingram & HEMoore, C. × vulgaris Risso .. The specific epithet sinensis means " Chinese".

History

The Orange takes in Europe not prove before the 15th century - in contrast to similar bitter orange, which had come from the Middle Ages to the land route to Europe. Although some evidence of sweet oranges are already available for an earlier time, a significant increase in quality seems to be only carried out from 1500. By the introduction of better varieties by the Portuguese, who spread this after the discovery of the sea route to India in Europe So Vasco da Gama in 1498 reported that he had very good oranges, much better than those in Portugal known in Mombasa at the time, seen. The combination of sweet orange and Portugal, which has been reflected in the naming in several languages ​​, was eventually funded by the story that the one, original and originally introduced tree had stood for centuries in Lisbon.

Use

In Europe, the oranges from October ( early varieties of Seville ) and August are harvested (Valencia Lates from the area around Valencia). The most important in world trade orange product is the orange juice, which mostly comes from Brazil and is traded in the form of concentrate ( syrup). Also fresh oranges have become firmly established in the food landscape of many countries. Earlier than protection, for advertising purposes today are oranges often wrapped in orange paper for sale.

In addition, the Orange also serves as a source of fragrances: from the orange peel to win the terpene d -limonene, which is used as biogenic solvents and raw materials for the perfume industry versatile. The noble smelling Neroli oil is obtained by steam distillation of orange blossoms, and in most cases but not the flowers of Citrus sinensis, but the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium × ) are used.

Wafer-thin, bitter -free orange peel, as they are needed to flavor many dishes, can be prepared with a zester ( sometimes also called zester ). Dried orange peels are also common in tea blends. The flowers can be made into a tea.

Orange slices, flowers and shells are also used as decoration of food and drink uses ( orange twist).

Varieties

We divided the orange varieties in bitter oranges ( Seville oranges ) and four groups of sweet orange varieties, the blonde oranges (also: round oranges), the navel oranges (also: navel oranges), the pigmented oranges (blood and blood oranges ) and the acid-free oranges.

• Blond Oranges ( main group) ' Shamouti ' (also ' Jaffaorange '), grown mainly in Israel
• ' Valencia ' or also called ' Valencia Late ', mainly grown in the Mediterranean, South Africa and the USA
• ' Baladi '
• ' Hamlin '
• ' Hart's Tardiff '

• ' Washington NewHal ', recognizable, usually declared by the large protuberances at the top and often large fruit size as Navelina
• ' CaraCara ', a selection of ' Bahia ' with red pulp (usually declared as Washington Sanguine )
• ' Navelina ', a Spanish selection in all sizes with almost no fruit Fruit daughter.
• ' Salustiana ', small-bore fruit with a thin skin, very suitable for pressing
• ' Navelate ', a late-maturing Spanish selection, very sweet
• ' NavelLaneLate ' before ' Valencia Late ', the latest of Navel Oranges

• Blood oranges (because of the deep red flesh, with some varieties also of the shell). The red flesh coloration is caused by anthocyanin pigments in the pulp and peel and produced in dry areas with large daily temperature differences ( frosts ). The Moro oranges grow, for example, on the slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily. ' Sanguine ' (round blood)
• 'Double fine' (blood Oval)
• ' Moro '
• ' Tarocco '
• ' Sanguinello '
• ' Manica '

Ingredients

100 g orange contains about 50 mg of vitamin C. The recommended daily requirement for vitamin C is defined in Appendix 1 of the nutrition labeling regulations (NAB) at 80 mg.

The bowl of oranges is often treated with waxes, which ( except in organic farming ) usually preservatives such as thiabendazole ( E 233 ), ortho- ( E 231 ), Natriumorthophenylphenol ( E 232 ), biphenyl (E 230 in the EU is no longer allowed) and imazalil be added.

Important natural flavor substances in the juice are, for example, acetaldehyde, hexanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, ethyl -2- methyl butyrate, (R)- limonene, myrcene, and ( R)- α - pinene. The composition of flavors depending on the orange variety in part varies greatly. This applies, for example, ethyl acetate, propanoate, (S)- linalool, ethyl 2- methylpropanoate, 1-pentene -3-one, Ethyl butanoate, 3 -isopropyl-2 -methoxy- pyrazine (R)- methyl-3- hydroxyhexanoate and 2 - and 3-methyl butyric acid to. Many of the esters are doing before only in the orange juice, but not orange peel oil.

The largest orange producer

By far the most important orange -producing countries are Brazil and the United States. The following table gives an overview of the world's largest producers of oranges: