Organon model

The Organon - Model by Karl Bühler is a character model to illustrate his characters the concept of a natural language. It is also a model of communication, since language is represented in terms of their communicative function ( speech function).

  • 4.1 The language functions in detail 4.1.1 The expression function
  • 4.1.2 The appeal function
  • 4.1.3 The representation function
  • 6.1 The advantages of the model
  • 6.2 The disadvantages of the model
  • 6.3 contextualization

Background

Recourse to Greek antiquity

As a basis for his remarks Karl Bühler was the " Cratylus " of Plato. In this Socrates, the word as Organon and thus receive the language as a whole as an organon (tool) that allows a person the other tells about the things.

Buhler refers to this as three foundation scheme: " a - the other - about things ." He illustrates this relationship in a first rough Organon model:

Things                                            O                                           :                                           :                                           :                                       organic: num                                            O                                           -                                          -                                         -                                        -                                      O O                                    one of the other Criticism of behaviorism

The organon model Bühlers accompanied by a critique of the " thinking substance " of the " physicalist behaviorism ", the " renewed the flatus vocis - nominalism of the early Middle Ages in modern form ( I ). "

The model

Bühler distinguishes the organon model " a second time ". This is the figure on the right. When one speaks of the Organon model Buhler, this figure is meant.

In the figure, the graphic elements have the following meaning:

  • " The circle in the center symbolizes the concrete sound phenomenon ".
  • The triangle stands for the character. " The sides of the triangle drawn symbolize [ ... ] the semantic functions of the (complex) sign language " as " three variable moments ."
  • The sign is related to the transmitter to the receiver and to objects and situations.

According to Buhler's " theory of the three language functions" based on these relationships ever different semantic functions. A linguistic sign has a Buehler expression function, a function call and a representation function. This is shortened by Bühler ( 1934) In the model

  • Expression
  • Appeal
  • Representation

Mentioned.

The expression function makes a sign to the symptom, the appeal function makes it the signal and the display function makes it an icon. Buhler says literally: " The crowds line symbolize the semantic functions of the (complex) language character. It is a symbol by virtue of its association with objects and facts, symptoms (signs, Indicium ) by virtue of its dependence on the station whose inwardness puts it, and signal virtue of his appeal to the listener whose inner or outer behavior it controls like other traffic signs. "

The distinction of acoustic phenomenon and language characters

Buhler stresses - in contrast to behaviorism and relying on the difference between phonology and phonetics - the difference between the physical acoustic phenomenon and the sign. This is reflected in his model pictorially expressed by the fact that the triangle ( characters) with the circle (sound phenomenon ) is not identical.

Buehler a mark is both more and less than the mere physical phenomenon of sound. This is for Buhler result of two psychological factors. This he calls

  • Principle of abstractive relevance
  • Apperceptive supplementation

The principle of abstractive relevance states that a physical phenomenon, " the sense thing, this little perceptible here and now does not have to go with all the fullness of its specific properties in the semantic function ".

The fact that the triangle extends beyond the circle, suggests that "the sensuously given always experiences a apperceptive supplementation ".

For example, in a speech utterance individual sounds to the recipient not be audible. Nevertheless, he is able to understand what is said by to sit thinks through what is called apperceptive supplement what is missing.

The language functions

The specific speech event is for Karl Bühler the starting point of his investigation and determination of the human language. In his Organon model he comes to the conclusion that the performance of the linguistic sign is threefold:

The language functions in detail

The expression function

The sign is for Buhler in relation to the transmitter "Symptoms (signs, Indicium ) ". This makes the sign for a " term" of the transmitter. Buhler is the example that the way someone writes something with the chalk on the blackboard, is an expression of his personality. This suggests that the expression for Buhler function (also) is an unconscious, not intentional function.

In the interpretation of the Organon model or in the speech of the expressive function of language is also mostly gone away and it remains unclear whether one requires a self- expressions - will. So it is said that " the terms mental states of the person speaking " a " basic function" is of linguistic signs. The function of a character ( in the sense of linguistic expression), it was " personal thoughts and feelings " of the speaker to express, and the sign was " symptom ," as expressing the " interiority of the transmitter ( expression function of the language ) ". When printing a " language function [ it go to ]: the speaker feels the need to speak out, express themselves, to reveal its interior; Self-expression. "

As typical of the expressive function then examples such as " How beautiful! ", " Ow! " Or " Oh! " called (as admiration ).

The appeal function

By the sign is directed to the receiver, there is a function call. This acts as a signal as a signal ( trigger ) that prompts the receiver to something. This function have for example, a warning call in the animal kingdom. The first child's sounds are also among the appellative character, which indicates about a baby that wants to be fed.

The representation function

By the sign refers to objects or situations, it has representation function. In this case, there is a substantive information about an object in the foreground, which will tell the sender (eg in factual texts, instructions, etc.). At Buhler, the display function is displayed only reference semantics. He carried with the inclusion of the representation function not only "aspect of the interaction - communicating ", but also " the over-the - communicating things " statement.

The relationship of the three functions

In the communication situations are always all three functions available. However, in this particular case one of the three functions over the other is always dominant. As one example, in the case of advertising, the appeal function in the foreground.

The inclusion of a means of expression and an appeal function is used to Buhler, " the undisputed dominance of the representational function of language narrow " and to emphasize that the transmitter and receiver "of the speech act occupy their own positions. They are not just a part of what the information is given, but they are the exchange partners, and so in the end it is possible that the media product of the sound each has its own character and relation to one another. "

The organon model illustrates Buhler " three largely independent variable [. ] Sense compensation". It is the case that " each of the three relations, each of the three functions of meaning of linguistic signs its own area of linguistic phenomena and Fakta opened and discussed. "

The Organon model as a model of communication

In contrast to other character models Bühlers model has four digits, it comes in towards him three digit models of the characters producer added. Thus Bühler distinguishes between transmitter and receiver and therefore considered the language from the outset as a communication model.

The Bühlersche organon model is considered to be " precursor to the information-theoretical communication model " and as "one of the most famous models of communication ."

Critique and contextualization

The benefits of the model

The Organon model can not only be pulled up in order to describe the use of linguistic signs; you can with it the use of signs in general ( including non- linguistic signs ) explain (see the above reference to a warning call in the animal kingdom ). The usability of the Organon model as a model of the use of all types of characters makes it particularly suitable for the description of processes of linguistic communication, because in these processes, the occurrence of linguistic signs is always coupled with the non- linguistic signs. Playing it so, to give only very elementary examples of this coupling, in oral (speech) communication in addition to voice characters, the facial expressions, gestures and way of speaking a role in writing (language) communication in addition to voice characters and the way the writing surface and the used font.

The disadvantages of the model

Is criticized, among others, neglecting the influence of the constellation of the speech utterance on Bühler 's model.

The uplifting Buhler communication model of Jakobson can also be construed as criticism of Buhler 's organon model.

Contextualization

In the literature, it is emphasized that the Organon model not in isolation but must be viewed in the context of the " axioms " Buhler.

  • Also refer to Karl Bühler
Jakobson's functions of language Friedemann Schulz von Thun
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