Osroene
Osrhoene ( Osroene, Osrohene, Ancient Greek: Ὁσροηνή ) refers to a landscape in northern Mesopotamia. In succession of the decaying Seleucid Empire was BC establish a local Kingdom, from about 133. It included the area around Edessa (now Şanlıurfa, Turkey). The local Aramaic dialect of Edessa, which was spoken by the majority of the population, became the forerunner of the Syrian. Today, the region forms the border between Syria and Turkey.
History
End of the 2nd century BC succeeded a dynasty of local rulers to the east of the Euphrates to establish in a relatively small area. The kingdom was torn between the allied with Rome Cappadocia in the West, the mighty kingdoms of Pontus and Armenia in the north to the northeast, and the emerging Parthian Empire in the southeast.
After Pompey in 64 BC made the remnants of the Seleucid Empire south of Osrhoene the Roman province of Syria, and smash the Pontic kingdom to Osrhoene developed, like Armenia, a kind of buffer state between the Roman and Parthian sphere of influence. After the disastrous defeat of Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC the region was but first Parthian. After 72 Commagene, had become final in 17 Roman Cappadocia, and, here, the Euphrates established itself increasingly as a border river.
Osrhoene 114 was conquered, together with Armenia and Mesopotamia, of Emperor Trajan. However, it came in the conquered territories soon uprisings and Trajan's successor, Hadrian was there once again to all the Roman claims. The Roman candidate for the Parthian throne was resigned to the field of Osrhoene, but a few years later he also lost. Emperor Lucius Verus traveled through the region 165 on his successful campaign against the Parthians, after which it remained a semi- autonomous satellite state. During the Roman Civil War of 193-194 control of Osrhoene was shortly lost, but was made by Septimius Severus in the Partherkriegen of 195 and 197-198 again.
In Osrhoene ruled a family which produced several kings named Abgar. Abgar VIII ( 177-212 ) may possibly be regarded as the first Christian king of the world history. However, the church father Eusebius of Caesarea, in his work nothing of a conversion of the king. At least the king stood against Christianity open.
The Roman emperor Caracalla already dethroned by 214 the Successor of Abgar the Great, his son Abgar IX. , And made Osrhoene finally a Roman province, although later descendants of the royal family are attested.
After the Parthian Empire had been conquered in the 3rd century by the Persian dynasty of the Sassanids, Osrhoene was a disputed region on the border between the New Persian Empire and Eastern Roman Empire. After the siege of Edessa and Carrhae by Shapur I. The Romans suffered a crushing defeat here 260, was taken prisoner in the Emperor Valerian himself. The ruler of the rich, allied with Rome, nearly independent desert city of Palmyra, Septimius Odenathus, helped the Romans after decisive control over Osrhoene restore. However, his son Vaballathus turned against the Romans, raised himself to Augustus and could only be defeated by Aurelian and 272 captured. Until the conquest by the Arabs in 640 the Osrhoene remained throughout the Late Ancient Roman province, with Edessa (which the Sassanids repeatedly besieged ) as governor seat.
The kings of Osrhoene
- Aryu ( 132-127 BC)
- Abdu ( 127-120 )
- Fradhasht ( 120-115 )
- Bakru I. ( 115-112 )
- Bakru II ( 112-94 )
- Ma'nu I ( 94)
- Abgar I ( 94-68 )
- Abgar II ( 68-52 )
- Ma'nu II ( 52-34 )
- Paqor ( 34-29 )
- Abgar III. ( 29-26 )
- Abgar IV ( 26-23 )
- Ma'nu III. ( 23-4 )
- Abgar V ( 4 BC -7 AD)
- Ma'nu IV (7-13 )
- Abgar V ( 13-50 )
- Ma'nu V. ( 50-57 )
- Ma'nu VI. ( 57-71 )
- Abgar VI. ( 71-91 )
- Sanatruk ( 91-109 )
- Abgar VII ( 109-116 )
- Roman occupation 116-118
- Yalur ( 118-122 ), with Parthamaspates
- Parthamaspates ( 118-123 )
- Ma'nu VII ( 123-139 )
- Ma'nu VIII ( 139-163 )
- Wa'il ( 163-165 )
- Ma'nu VIII ( 165-167 )
- Abgar VIII (the Great) ( 167-212 )
- Abgar IX. ( 212-214 )