Parnassia palustris

Swamp Heart Journal ( Parnassia palustris)

The bottom of Parnassus ( Parnassia palustris), also known as students herb, is a plant of the genus Parnassus ( Parnassia ) and in Central Europe, the only member of the subfamily of heart -leaved plants ( Parnassioideae ). It is the most widespread species of the genus Parnassia; the circulation area covers much of northern Eurasia and North America.

• 4.1 Origin of the name
• 4.2 Internal systematics and genetics
• 4.3 Outer systematics

• 8.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The bottom of Parnassus grows as a perennial herbaceous plant, reaching heights of growth depending on the location 5-30 centimeters. The rhizome of hemicryptophytes is upright and not infrequently branched, with rosettiger Beblätterung at the top. All plant parts are smooth.

Almost all, two to twelve, 3-6 (rarely to 8 ) cm long stalked leaves are borne in a basal rosette. The leaf blade is usually more or less elongated oval with almost heart-shaped base, entire, 1-4 inches long and 1 to 2.5 inches wide. The leaves are often dotted purple. The angular stems owns in the lower half usually a sitting, deep heart-shaped, stalk- wide sheet, which occasionally may be absent; rarely two stem leaves are present.

Generative features

The flowers are terminally singly on the stems. The hermaphrodite, fivefold, radiärsymmetrische flower has a diameter of usually 2.2 to 3 (rarely to 3.5 ) centimeter. The flower cup ( hypanthium ) is unremarkable. The five free sepals are intensely purple - brown dots, elliptic to oblong, 5-8 mm and 3-5 mm wide with smooth boundary. The five free, nailed, broadly ovate to ovate - runs, 8-15 mm long and 7-10 (rarely to 13 ) mm wide petals are white and clearly have sunken, colorless longitudinal veins that appear darker; their rims are usually smooth or sometimes gnawed. The five nectar scales, there are staminodes are about 0.3 times as long as the petals up to 1 centimeter in length and stand in front of them. The nectar scales are spatulate with usually 7 to 9 to 21 fan-shaped spreading towards the center longer fringe with spherical glands on their tips. Each of them terminates in a spherical, yellow and glossy, non -secreting glands. The five fertile stamens, with short, thick stamens and ovoid, broad, yellowish, up to 3 mm long anthers, alternating with the nectar from dandruff. The five sepals are upstanding and connected at the bottom. They are shorter than the petals. The equatorial diameter of the pollen grains is 18 to 33 microns. Four carpels are in a constant upper, ovate ( syncarp ) ovary fused together. The very short stylus, which forms in the fruit of a more or less distinct beak, ending in a four-lobed, commissural scar. Rarely, the ovary occur with three carpels and three scars. The flowering period is from July to September.

The 5 to 12 millimeters long, fachspaltig opening, ovoid capsule fruits contain numerous seeds. The 1.1 to 1.7 mm long, brown seeds have a fine mesh structure, are elongated and often slightly curved, with a broad wing edge. Due to the wing edge, the seeds are considered balloonists, generally the plant is considered a wind - and animal shakers. Since the seeds contain no endosperm, the seedlings are probably fed by a fungus ( mykotroph ). The fruits ripen in October.

The hypocotyl reached together with the not even half as long cotyledons a length of about 0.25 mm of the total 0.7 mm long embryo. The conspicuous palisade -like epidermal cells are about twice as large as the cells of the subjacent layers. Due to the many similarities with the seeds of forest - Geisbartes ( Aruncus dioicus ) this is also true as a prime example of convergence is not more closely related species.

Flowers Ecology

The bloom is strictly vormännlich. Of the five outer stamens each day of an approaching matures. The stamen bends this upward and inward, and then descends back to the scars still closed down. Since open the dust bag upwards, the insects that usually visit the flower center, dusted on its underside. Then the stamen bends outward and the dust bag is dropped. It follows the next stamen. The two scars open only when all the stamens are dropped, making the cross-pollination is assured.

Bloom on the fourth Blühtag. Two dust bags are already dropped. Another is on the verge.

Bloom on the fifth Blühtag. The last sheet placed on the dust or scar closed.

All dust bags are already dropped. The scars are now ready to conceive.

The flowers fool the visitors nectar largely just before, however, offer them in the flower center a place to warm up. The bottom of Parnassus is a so-called Fliegentäuschblume; H. Müller has shown 43 species of flies as pollinators for the Alps. The yellow head on the nectar nectar droplets leaves look deceptively similar but are of solid consistency. Due to the very well-done illusion the head are also described in current literature erroneously as sugar-free, shiny water droplets. Flies ( Brachycera ) let that deceive and often lick the putative nectar droplets. In addition, flying mostly prefer yellow or white colors in flowers. The darker veins of white petals guide the pollinators thus directly to the flower center.

During the first days, however, nectar and fragrance substances are secreted from two indentations on the disc-shaped base of the nectar leaves. The plant therefore gives much more nectar than before is available. Collect the parade -like, white petals and focus the sunlight so that the flowers are greatly sought on cold days of insects as a place to warm up, thereby performing the pollination. In pen area, ie, in the focal point, the temperatures about 1.4 to 2.9 ° C higher than in the surrounding area. Such properties were also detected in a white-flowered Mohnart the Canadian Arctic and a subspecies of mountain avens.

But even a self-pollination is possible. This can be done inter alia through the wingless males of thrips ( Thysanoptera ), which develop from the eggs laid in the flower.

Occurrence

The bottom of Parnassus has a nordic -Eurasian, circumpolar distribution. The area extends from Iceland to Japan and to James Bay in Canada.

In China, this kind thrives in the provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi and northern Xinjiang on wet grassy slopes, banks of rivers, shady moist places in valleys and meadows at altitudes 1200-2200 meters.

In Europe, this species is rare only in the south, where it is restricted to mountainous regions. So in Europe form the southern boundary of the Pyrenees. In the Rocky Mountains, the bottom - up sweetie Wyoming and North Dakota, Minnesota and Michigan is widespread. The bottom of Parnassus thrives at all altitudes from the plains to the mountains, rising to 2320 meters in Upper Bavaria, in the Tyrol to 2530 meters, in the Lower Engadine to 2650 meters and the Valais ( Gandegghütte ) finally to 3005 meters.

As the site swampy meadows, spring swamps and fens are preferred. The bottom of Parnassus thrives well on embankments ( as road embankments ), which can draw water out of the ditch in the rain. It prefers sickerfeuchte, somewhat calcareous soils, but also moist calcareous grasslands. The bottom of Parnassus is the Kennart the plant community ( association ) of the heart leaf brown harrows sump ( Parnassio - Caricetum fuscae Oberd. 57 em. Görs 77) fuscae within the small cultivator societies of the low and intermediate Moore ( Scheuchzerio - Caricetea ( Nordhag. 37) Tx. 37 ). In the Alpine region, this species often grows in the grate harrow lawn ( Caricion ferrugineae Lüdi 1921).

System

The species name Parnassia palustris was first published by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, 1753, p 273.

Origin of the name

The Latin epithet palustris means ' boggy ' and refers to the location. The genus name was introduced by Linnaeus, the flore to the designation of the species as Gramen Parnassi albo simplici (translated: " Grass of Parnassus with white simple flower" ) referred by Caspar Bauhin. This is the allusion to a plant to grow on Mount Parnassus. The German name Marsh heart sheet is formed as a two-part name books in accordance with the scientific name and also refers to the location. Customary Common names include not only heart sheet that refers to the heart-shaped basal leaves, nor strip, Pinnblatt, heart flowers, Sternli, Autumn Roeslin much more The term student florets should, like the homonymous name for other late-blooming plants, refer to the heyday of early September, when the students attend the university again.

Inside systematics and genetics

In Germany, only a diploid chromosome number is kin with: 2n = 18 home. However, there is also a tetraploid clan (2n = 4x = 36 ) which has a more northern distribution in Europe. The distribution of the fathers seems to be related in this case loose with the limits of würmeiszeitlichen glaciation. Studies in the British Isles with the occurring varieties Parnassia palustris var palustris and Parnassia palustris var condensata showed that both also plants with double or quadruple chromosomes occur and this therefore is not a useful distinguishing feature of the varieties.

Occasionally, the subspecies obtusifolia and neogaea be cited. After extensive investigations by Ulla -Maj Hultgard a distinction has proven to be sub-species or varieties to be untenable. In general, this type shows vary little.

In China, we distinguish the varieties Parnassia palustris var multiseta Ledebour var ( with more shared staminodes ) and Parnassia palustris L. palustris; Here are 2n = 18, (27 ), 36 against.

Outer systematics

Parnassia palustris is the type species of the genus Parnassia. Within the genus it forms with some American, as well as occurring in the New World Arctic, in Greenland and northeast Siberia species Parnassia section.

Nature protection and hazard

The bottom of Parnassus is especially protected by the German Federal Species Protection Ordinance. Until 1988, the risk factors in Germany has mainly consisted in the drainage and afforestation of peatlands, cultivation of peatlands and the drainage of wetlands, but also in the lowering of the water table and fill wet sinks. Today, the threat continues mainly by eutrophication of soils by air pollution and fertilizer entry. These changes lead to a rapid displacement of the low competitive Article

In Germany the bottom of Parnassus on the red list of endangered 3 is given. For the states, the threat of 1 (Berlin and Hamburg ) to 3 ( Bayern ) is sufficient. In Austria the kind in the territory of the Bohemian Massif in the northern and south-eastern foothills of the Alps and the Pannonian region is at risk. In Upper Austria the bottom of Parnassus is considered by the Upper Austrian. NSchG 2001 as totally protected plant. In Switzerland, the species is not endangered.

Pests

On the leaves of various parasitic fungi grow: Synchytrium aureum produces tiny bile. The ascomycete Mycosphaerella parnassiae produces orange-red spots. Other fungal parasites of the rust fungus Puccinia caricina var uliginosa, as well as the imperfect fungus Septoria parnassiae

Use

The bottom of Parnassus is today no longer use, but has been previously performed under the name Herba et Flores Hepaticae albae seu Parnassiae officinal as a remedy for heart palpitations. Furthermore, an attempt was made to cure eye diseases, liver disease, and diarrhea with this plant. Other uses found the swamp of Parnassus as a diuretic and it was introduced in the late 19th century in Russia as a remedy for epilepsy. As folk means the plant was boiled in beer using for stomach problems.

Documents

Unless specified under individual certificates, the article is based on the following documents:

• Gu Cuizhi & Ulla -Maj Hultgård: Parnassia in the Flora of China, Volume 8, 2001, p 379: Parnassia palustris - Online. (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
• Hans. J. et al Conert (Ed.): Gustav Hegi. Illustrated Flora of Central Europe. Volume 4 Part 2A: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (2). Blackwell 1995, pp. 231-235. ISBN 3-8263-3016-1
• Xaver Finkenzeller: Alpine Flowers, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-576-11482-3.
• Dankwart Seidel: Flowers, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-405-15766-8