Parnassia

Swamp Heart Journal ( Parnassia palustris)

Parnassus ( Parnassia ) is a plant genus in the subfamily of the heart -leaved plants ( Parnassioideae ) within the family of spindle tree family ( Celastraceae ). The genus Parnassia contains about 70 species in the northern hemisphere.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

The morphological characteristics within the genus are very uniform.

Vegetative characteristics

Parnassia species grow as perennial herbaceous plants. All plant parts are smooth. There are trained sturdy, sympodial rhizomes. The arranged in basal rosettes and usually distributed on stem leaves are usually divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is usually long, only the basal leaves are sometimes more or less sessile. The leaf blade is easy. The stipules are membranous.

Generative features

The flowers appear singly and terminally on the stems. The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig with double perianth. The flower cup ( hypanthium ) is grown free or the ovary. The five free sepals cover something dachziegelig ( imbricat ). The five free, also imbricaten petals are white to yellowish or rarely greenish with fringed ausgenagtem or smooth edge. There are two stamen circles from five staminodes present. The exterior consists of fertile stamens, while the leaves of the inner circle are divided into thread-like rays with glandular tips ( nectar leaves). The single-chamber, upper permanent to semi- permanent upper ovary contains parietal placentation many ovules.

The sometimes -edged fruit capsules open with three or four flaps and contain many seeds. The brown, inverted egg-shaped or oblong seeds are 1 to 2 mm very small, with thin, membranous, reticulate or smooth seed coat ( testa). It can be a little endosperm present.

Dissemination

They have their dissemination of the beneficiaries according to the Arctic latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere ( Holarctic ). The center manifold is located in the eastern Himalayas and the mountains of western and southwestern China with 63 species from a total of more than 70, of which 49 occur only in China. About 60 species occur in the mountain ranges in southwestern China. About ten species are native to North America. The type species of marsh Parnassus ( Parnassia palustris L.) is the most widespread in Eurasia and North America.

System

The genus name Parnassia was first published by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, 1753, p 273. The type species is Parnassia palustris L.

A vorlinneische meaning of the scientific name seems to be missing, because this plant had to be unknown by their circumpolar distribution the ancient authors. The naming history has not been elucidated by Carl Linnaeus, however, it is the Latin Parnassius (Greek Parnasios ) based on " the mountain Parnassus in Phocis, Delphi and the holy spring Castalia lie at the slope ". Thus, Parnassia relates well to the site in spring swamps and marshy meadows.

The systematic position of the genus Parnassia was often discussed. She made long their own family Parnassiaceae (for example, Gray 1821, Hutchinson 1969, Dahlgren 1980, Takhtajan 1969, 1997). It formed long alone a subfamily Parnassioideae in the family Saxifragaceae (for example, Engler 1930, Thorne 1976, Dahlgren 1980, Cronquist 1981, Ku 1987, 1995, Gu & Hultgård 2001). It was incorporated in the subfamily Parnassioideae into the family of Droseraceae (for example, Pace 1912, Schoen nail 1931) and so was the Hypericaceae ( Arber 1913, Jay 1971) close. Even the Crassulaceae family ( Bensel and Palser 1975) it has been assigned. Molecular genetic studies showed only that they form a family Parnassiaceae together with the monotypic genus Lepuropetalon Elliott ( Chase et al. 1993 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ( APG) in 1998, Soltis et al. 2000 APG II in 2003, Wu et al. 2003). Finally, the two genera have been incorporated as a subfamily Parnassioideae in the family Celastraceae (see AGP III).

The genus Parnassia was Franchet in 1897 divided into two, then four and Drude in 1875 by Engler in 1930 and also trade - Mazzett 1941 in five sections. Phillips introduced in 1982 the new section Longiloba on. In 1987, the Ku genus was divided into nine sections and this was taken over by Gu & Hultgård 2001. In Wu et al. 2003 was Nectaroquinquelobos as a synonym of the section Allolobos and it was reactivated Franchets section Xiphosandra.

The genus Parnassia is structured according to Wu Ding, Hong Wang, De - Zhu Li & Stephen Blackmore in 2005 into ten sections (each with a variety of ways:

• Section Allolobos: Parnassia monochorifolia Franch.
• Parnassia wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.

• Parnassia faberi Oliv.

• Section Fimbripetalum: Parnassia amoena Diels
• Parnassia fimbriata K.D.Koenig
• Parnassia foliosa Hook. f et Thoms.
• Parnassia noemiae Franch.

• Parnassia bifolia Nekrass.

• Parnassia perciliata Diels

• Parnassia brevistyla ( Brieg. ) Hand. - Mazz.
• Parnassia cacuminum Hand. - Mazz.
• Parnassia chinensis Franch.
• Parnassia crassifolia Franch.
• Parnassia delavayi Franch.
• Parnassia epunctulata J T.Pan
• Parnassia laxmanni Pall.
• Parnassia leptophylla Hand. - Mazz.
• Parnassia lutea Batal.
• Parnassia mysorensis Heyne ex Wight et Arn.
• Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle
• Parnassia oreophila Hance
• Parnassia pusilla Wall. ex Arn.
• Parnassia submysorensis J.T.Pan

• Parnassia farreri W.E.Evans

• Swamp Heart Journal ( Parnassia palustris L. (syn.: Parnassia parviflora DC).

• Parnassia longipetala Hand. - Mazz.
• Parnassia tenella Hook. f et Thoms.
• Parnassia yunnanensis Franch. Thrives in forests, swampy meadows, grassy slopes and river banks at altitudes 3300-4300 meters in the western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.

• More than 70 species in the genus Parnassia (selection): Parnassia alpicola Makino
• Parnassia angustipetala TCKu: It is endemic to forest edges and alpine meadows at an altitude of about 2900 meters in the southwestern Sichuan ( Muli Zang to Zizhixian ).
• Parnassia asarifolia
• Parnassia cabulica Planch. ex Clarke
• Parnassia caroliniana
• Parnassia californica
• Parnassia chengkouensis
• Parnassia cirrata
• Parnassia cooperi
• Parnassia cordata
• Parnassia davidii
• Parnassia degeensis
• Parnassia deqenensis
• Parnassia dilatata
• Parnassia Esquirolii
• Parnassia filchneri
• Parnassia gansuensis
• Parnassia grandifolia
• Parnassia guilinensis
• Parnassia humilis
• Parnassia kangdingensis
• Parnassia kotzebuei
• Parnassia labiata
• Parnassia lanceolata
• Parnassia lijiangensis
• Parnassia longipetaloides JTPan: It is endemic to alpine meadows at altitudes 3600-4100 meters in the northwestern Yunnan ( Lijiang Naxi Eryuan Xian and to Zizhixian ).
• Parnassia longshengensis
• Parnassia obovata
• Parnassia omeiensis
• Parnassia petitmenginii
• Parnassia qinghaiensis
• Parnassia rhombipetala
• Parnassia scaposa
• Parnassia simaoensis
• Parnassia subscaposa
• Parnassia tibetana
• Parnassia trinervis
• Parnassia venusta
• Parnassia viridiflora
• Parnassia wightiana
• Parnassia xinganensis
• Parnassia yanyuanensis
• Parnassia yiliangensis
• Parnassia yui
• Parnassia yulongshanensis TCKu: It is endemic to alpine meadows at altitudes 4100-5300 meters in Yunnan ( Lijiang Naxi to Zizhixian ) north-west.

Use

Some Parnassia species, for example P. wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. , P. delavayi Franch. and P. foliosa Hook. f & Thoms. were used medicinally. About a further use by humans is not known.

Swell

• Gu Cuizhi (谷 粹 芝Tsue Ku -chih ) & Ulla -Maj Hultgård: Parnassia in the Flora of China. Volume 8, 2001, p 358: Online. (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
• Wu Ding, Hong Wang, De - Zhu Li & Stephen Blackmore: Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. ( Parnassiaceae ) and Its Systematic Implications. In: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, formerly Acta Botanica Sinica. Volume 47, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 2-12: PDF Online. (Section Description, distribution, use and systematics)