Parrhesia

Parrhesia ( Germanized also Parrhäsie ) comes from the Greek ( παρρησία ), meaning speech or talk about anything. The term was used by Michel Foucault to describe the concept of discourse in which one speaks openly and truthfully about his own opinion and his ideas, without using rhetorical elements, manipulative speech or generalizations.

There are several conditions for the traditional ancient Greek idea of parrhesia. One who uses parrhesia, is only recognized as such if he has a credible relationship with the truth when he criticized himself or popular opinions of Culture when the revelation of this truth puts him in danger, and he still speaks the truth because he considers it his moral, social and / or political obligation to do so. Furthermore, a Parrhesia - speaking person in a social position must be, which is below that which it criticizes. For example, a student who speaks the truth of his teacher over, would be a true example of parrhesia; However, a teacher who tells the truth to his student, this is not.

Foucault describes parrhesia as:

"More described precisely, parrhesia is a verbal activity in Which a speaker express train his personal relationship to truth, and Risks his life Because He Recognizes truth -telling as a duty to Improve or help other people (as well as himself ). In parrhesia, the speaker uses his freedom and chooses frankness instead of persuasion, truth instead of falsehood or silence, the risk of death instead of life and security, criticism instead of flattery, and moral duty instead of self-interest and moral apathy. "

Said " Specifically, parrhesia is a verbal activity in which a speaker expresses his personal relationship to truth and risked his life because he recognizes truth-telling as a duty to convert other people for the better or to help them (as well as itself). In parrhesia, the speaker uses his freedom and chooses frankness instead of persuasion, truth instead of falsehood or silence, the risk of death instead of life quality and security, criticism instead of flattery, and moral duty instead of self-interest and moral apathy. "