Patriarchate

A patriarchy ( neuter; Greek πατριαρχία of πατήρ, Father Father and αρχή, "origin" arché, "dominion" ) is an association of dioceses headed by a patriarch is.

A patriarchate is the area jurisdiction of a patriarch or a patriarchal cathedra ( chair patriarch, patriarchal ) and can relate a specific religious rite on a particular church (believers ).

Patriarchates there in the Byzantine Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Roman Catholic Church. The members of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church call their head as patriarch.

• 4.1 Titular Patriarchates
• 4.2 Former Patriarchate

The Early Church Patriarchate

Formation of the episcopate

Having had enforced the Episcopal Church in the second century instead of the collegiate management by community elders ( presbyters ), the central element of the Church's leadership was the episcopate. Auctoritas ( authority ) and Dignitas ( dignity) of this office sprang from the successio apostolorum ( Apostolic Succession ); each bishop was a long line of predecessors as a successor of the Apostles. When Ignatius of Antioch, his almost monarchical Auctoritas tended already to a comprehensive teaching, consecration and the power of jurisdiction.

Diocletian and Constantine

By Diocletian administrative reform (late 3rd and early 4th century ), the Roman Empire was reorganized into three prefectures:

• Praetorian Prefect Illyrici, Italiae et Africae
• Praetorian Prefect Galliarum
• Praetorian Prefect by orientem

The prefectures were divided further into the ( civil ) dioceses ( under Diocletian 12, four per prefecture). Each diocese included the provinces. The third Prefecture ( Praefectus Praetorian by orientem ) was one of Diocletian, the four civil dioceses of Thrace, Asia, Pontus and the Diocese of the East (or the East) to.

Under Emperor Constantine the Great, Egypt was carved out of the Diocese of the East and formed into a separate, fifth diocese.

Council of Nicaea: " Metropolitan Constitution" (325 )

At the meeting convened by Constantine Council of Nicaea was 325, the so-called " Metropolitan Constitution" established:

" The old custom to stop in Egypt, Libya and Pentapolis inventory that the bishop of Alexandria about all of this is ultimately responsible for violence, as well as the Bishop of Rome plays this. In the same manner to both the Church of Antioch and the other Exarchien remain the churches maintained their privileges. "

As a result, it formed the ecclesiastical administrative regions ( ecclesiastical dioceses ) based out later Patriarchate. The Praetorian prefectures Praefectus Illyrici, Italiae et Africae and Praefectus Galliarum formed the Praetorian by the Patriarchate of Rome managed western Occident ( Occident ). In Egypt, the Patriarchate of Alexandria ( Alexandria ) was formed. The Patriarchate of Antioch came into the territory of the ( civil ) diocese of the Orient ( Praefectus Praetorian by orientem ). The other ( civil ) dioceses ( Thrace, Asia, Pontus ) may have had initially own patriarchates.

• Rome ( prefectures of Gaul and Illyricum, Italy, and Africa)
• Alexandria ( field of civil Diocese of Egypt)
• Antioch ( field of civil diocese of the Orient ).

Councils of Constantinople Opel (381) and Chalcedon ( 451)

At the Council of Constantinople Opel 381 the bishop of Constantinople Opel received the rights of a top metropolitans for the other dioceses ( Thrace, Asia, Pontus ). The efforts of Constantinople to obtain the first rank to Rome are on this council also met. The local bishop receives the honorary precedence to Rome. At the Council of Chalcedon in 451 the bishop of Jerusalem also is granted a priority jurisdiction.

Use of the title Patriarch honor and order

Only since Justinian I - ie from the first half of the sixth century - this top metropolitans were called patriarchs. They were struggling and were equal to each other in a fixed order of honor:

• Rome, founded by the Apostles Peter and Paul
• Konstantin Opel, founded by the Apostle Andrew
• Alexandria, founded by the evangelist John Mark
• Antioch, founded by the Apostle Peter
• Jerusalem, founded by all the apostles

Through her communion the five mediated the dioceses within their jurisdiction the Church communion with all the local churches. They were guarantors of church unity. To resolve disputes, use was councils.

In the course of the various schisms the patriarchal leadership of the church as a whole has been abandoned or ineffective.

The early church Katholikate

The top bishops of the churches outside the Roman Empire first perform the title Catholicos, later addition, latter alone that of a patriarch. The main Katholikate were and are:

• Seleucia- Ctesiphon,
• Armenia,
• Georgia.

Orthodox Patriarchate

Since the so-called Oriental schism exists in the Byzantine Orthodox Church still early church four patriarchates:

• The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in Istanbul Opel, in its claim worldwide also responsible for local dioceses and archdioceses that are subject to any other Patriarchate;
• The Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa, residence in Alexandria;
• The Patriarchate of Antioch and the whole East, residence in Damascus;
• The Patriarchate of Jerusalem.

In the 11th century was

• Patriarchy and Catholicos of Georgia.

In the wake of the Slavic mission of the Patriarchate nachkaiserlichen time emerged:

• The Patriarchate of Moscow and all Russia, since 1589 in the fifth honorary rank;
• The Patriarchate of Serbia, Belgrade, since the 14th century;
• The Patriarchate of Bulgaria, since 918, in Sofia;
• The Patriarchate of Romania, Bucharest.

From the Moscow Patriarchate to split non-canonical ( without the consent of the Moscow Patriarchate ) from:

• The Patriarchate of Kiev and all Ukraine, in Kiev; ( in contrast to the Metropolis of Kiev and all Ukraine Moscow Patriarchate ).

Roman Catholic Patriarchate

The Roman Catholic church was built in the early Church Patriarchate of Rome, and has the full teaching and power of jurisdiction ( primacy of jurisdiction ) over the universal Church, which consists of 23 independent member churches.

Historically, the Pope of Rome as patriarch also the patriarchal jurisdiction over the Western Church ( West ). The same significant title " Patriarch of the West " no longer causes the Pope in the official title as of 2006.

The patriarchal jurisdiction of the Pope refers to Western Europe, from Poland to the Balkans, Africa west of Egypt, all the other countries that were colonized by these countries (America, Australia), as well as all the missions of the Latin Rite in the east. It extends over all the Roman rite group belonging (Western) rites variants and Uniate enclaves of the Byzantine Rite in Italy, Corsica and Sicily. As patriarch he can keep for the Western Church patriarchal synods and laws enacted ( rite, celibacy, liturgy).

In addition to Rome, there are other patriarchates in the Roman Catholic Church. A distinction must be patriarchates, in which the patriarch own patriarchal jurisdiction over sub-areas or parts of the whole Church exercises ( Patriarchates Patriarchates or large ); and the patriarchates without its own jurisdiction ( Titular Patriarchates Patriarchates or small ).

One of the great patriarchates include:

• The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, since 1099, after 1291 Titularpatriarchen headquartered in San Lorenzo fuori le mura, Rome. In Jerusalem again or re-erected on July 23, 1847, without suffragan, with jurisdiction over Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus.

• The united with the Roman Catholic Church Patriarchate (all with jurisdiction over all members of their rite, and in brackets the residence is specified): the Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (Cairo ), since 1824 or 1895;
• The Maronite Patriarchate of Antioch ( Bkerkhe, Lebanon );
• The Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (Beirut );
• The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate (13 Erzeparchien, including 2 metropolitan dioceses, archdioceses and seven dioceses 2 ); of Antioch (Damascus );
• Of Alexandria (Alexandria ), formerly belonging since 1838 in 1772 as a Melkite Governorship at Antioch; Jurisdiction over Cairo, Alexandria and the Sudan;
• Of Jerusalem (Jerusalem ), formerly belonging since 1838 in 1772 as a Melkite Governorship at Antioch; Jurisdiction over Jerusalem;

Titular Patriarchates

As Titular Patriarchates existing or titular bishop seats are designated which do not have their own patriarchal jurisdiction. They are therefore referred to as small Patriarchate. The Titular Patriarchate of the West Indies and the East Indies are also in the sense titular that they are titular bishoprics, because there are no bishoprics that name. The associated title patriarch is conferred honorary here (ad honorem ).

• Patriarchy as a bishopric ( Resident Patriarch ) ( transferred here in 1451 from Grado) the Patriarchate of Venice
• The Patriarchate of Lisbon, since 1716, three suffragans

• The ( Latin ) Patriarchate of the East Indies, former seat in Goa, titular today; since 1886 ( the title of patriarch is traditionally awarded to the Archbishop of Goa and Daman today).
• The ( Latin ) Patriarchate of the West Indies ( América hispana ) - the bulk Kaplan ( army bishop ) of the Spanish army, since 1524 and since 1963 no longer busy ( 1540-1920 was the Archbishop of Toledo this item )

Former Patriarchate

• The Patriarchate of Grado ( 1451 repealed)
• The Patriarchate of Aquileia (1751 repealed)
• The Latin Patriarchate of Antioch (1964 repealed)
• The Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople Opel (1964 repealed)
• The Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria (1964 repealed)

The last three were founded during the Crusades in competition with the "old" Orthodox patriarchates, see also the article in Latin Patriarch of the East. In the course of ecumenism with the Orthodox, these were lifted after the 2nd Vatican Council.

Ancient Near Eastern patriarchates

In the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the patriarch (a " Catholicos " in Armenian ) is always the head of the church. Among the ancient Middle Eastern patriarchates, sorted by rite:

• Antioch ( westsyrischer ) rite the Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East, ( Jacobites ), sitting: Damascus
• The Catholicos of the East, Head Office: Kottayam, Kerala ( India) ( in contrast to the Catholicos of India, depending on the Jacobite Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East )

• Alexandrian rite the Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa ( Copts ), Head Office: Cairo, Alexandria
• The Patriarchate of Eritrea, seat: Asmara, patriarchy since 1998

• Armenian rite ( Armenian Apostolic Church ) the Armenian Patriarchate and Catholicos of All Armenians, cathedra: Echmiadzin; Office: Vagharshapat
• The Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia, before 1915: Sis, Office: Antelias
• The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem
• The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Opel

• East Syriac rite ( Nestorians ) the Catholicos and Patriarch of the Assyrian Ancient Church of the East, cathedra: Seleucia- Ctesiphon (Babylon ); Headquarters: Chicago, USA
• The Catholicos and Patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East, Baghdad, patriarchy since 1968 ( split from the Assyrian Ancient Church of the East )

Some church leaders bear the title of Catholicos, in addition to or instead of a patriarch title.