Pendik

Template: Infobox city in Turkey / Maintenance / County

Pendik [ pendɪk ] is the capital of the district of the Turkish province of Istanbul as well as a district on the Asian side of Istanbul. Pendik is located between the districts of Kartal and Tuzla and has in the south by 7.5 km long coastline on the Sea of ​​Marmara.

Pendik has evolved over the last 60 years from a small fishing village and a rural region one of the fastest growing suburbs of Istanbul. Lived in the 1950s, fewer than 10,000 people in the eponymous district, so it came first through immigration and later by the opening of a yard (Turkish Pendik Tersanesi ) in the 1980s to a veritable population explosion. According to the last census from December 2011 609 535 inhabitants lived in Pendik.

The industrialization of the town and the region lost the formerly dominant fishing and agriculture in importance. In 2008 there were approximately 6,000 commercial establishments in Pendik, of which about a third of manufacturing companies. As part of the development project " Industrial Park of advanced technology " was the second international airport of Istanbul, the Istanbul- Sabiha Gökçen opened in Pendik, 2001.

  • 2.1 Origin of the Name
  • 2.2 Neolithic and Bronze Age
  • 2.3 Bithynia and Roman Empire
  • 2.4 Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire
  • 2.5 Turkish Republic
  • 3.1 Demographic changes
  • 3.2 Age structure
  • 4.1 City government
  • 4.2 Town twinning
  • 5.1 Byzantine monastery
  • 5.2 Temenye
  • 5.3 Prehistoric settlement mound of Pendik
  • 5.4 Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
  • 7.1 Economics 7.1.1 Shopping centers
  • 7.2.1 Road Traffic and Public Transport
  • 7.2.2 Rail transport
  • 7.2.3 Air and sea transport
  • 8.1 External links
  • 8.2 Notes and references

Geography

Geographical location

Pendik is located on the eastern coast of Istanbul, located in the Marmara Region. In the southeast it borders Tuzla, on the east by Gebze, on the north by Sile and Çekmeköy and to the west by Kartal, Sancaktepe and Sultanbeyli. The Sea of ​​Marmara forms a 7.5 km-long natural border in the south.

Pendik is located north of the North Anatolian Fault, which extends to the Sea of ​​Marmara. Due to the transform fault occurred 1711-1894 to 66 major earthquakes. The last major in 1999 occurred in Izmit and demanded 17,480 lives (including 981 from Istanbul).

Ömerli Reservoir

To the north is bordered Pendiks one of the five reservoirs of Istanbul, the Ömerli Baraji which is from Riva, one of the largest rivers in Istanbul, fed. It lies 52 meters above sea level, has an area of ​​23.10 km ² and a volume of 386.50 hm ³. It covers a catchment area of 621 km ². The dam was built in 1968-1973 in order to stabilize the supply of drinking water in the region and 48% ( 180 hm ³) of the drinking water comes from this reservoir.

Pavli Bay

The Pavli Bay is the Pavli peninsula (Turkish Pavli Adası ) and Pavli headland (Turkish Pavli Burnu ) formed. When Pavli Peninsula, it was originally a small island, which was, however, connected by an approximately 250 m long breakwater, which is also used as a road to the mainland. The island was in the Byzantine period a popular place in the summer and was named Mavronisi.

The Pavli headland is about 500 m southeast of the peninsula. The original name of the headland is Paulo Petriocene. There is a church and a monastery, which was built in honor of the Apostles Peter and Paul were. The headland has been extended to an approximately 650 m long breakwater to protect the shipyard lying there in front of waves from the south. The opening of the resulting bay into the open sea is about 260 m wide.

Boroughs

The district of Pendik is divided into nine districts, 31 districts and five villages. These include: Ahmet Yesevi, Bahçelievler, Batı, Çamçeşme, Çamlık, Çınardere, Dogu, Dumlupınar, Ertuğrulgazi, Esenler, Esenyalı, Fatih, Fevzi Cakmak, Güllübağlar, Güzelyalı, Harm Others, Kavakpınar, Kaynarca, Kurtköy Orhangazi, Orta, Ramazanoğlu, Sanayi, Sapanbağları, Sülüntepe, Şeyhli, Velibaba, Yayalar, Yenimahalle, Yenişehir and Yeşilbağlar.

Climate

Pendik is located on the edge of the temperate zone and the subtropical zone and has a transitional climate between the maritime climate and the Mediterranean climate. The annual average temperature is 14.2 ° C and the average annual rainfall 690.7 mm.

The warmest month is July with 28.5 ° C on average, the coldest January with an average of 5.8 ° C. Most precipitation falls in the month of December with 114.2 mm on average, the least in July with an average of 22.0 mm.

In Pendik prevails throughout the year the north-east wind Poyraz and to a lesser extent the southwest wind Lodos. The Poyraz brings cold and dry air. In contrast, the Lodos brings warm, moist air, with violent squalls and rain. The word " Lodos " comes from the Turkish and is based on the Greek word " Notus ", which originally meant " south wind " means.

In the long-term average, there is only an annual snowfall of 15.8 days, 9.3 days snow cover and only 12.7 days with fog. The deepest been detected temperature was -13.9 ° C and dates of 17 January 1963. The heat record is 40.5 ° C and was measured on 11 August 1970.

History

Origin of the Name

In the Turkish place names Pendik is a deformation of the Greek toponym Panteichion.

Neolithic and Bronze Age

Early findings ( for example, from Temenye Höyük ) indicate a settlement of the region in Epipalaeolithic. In Fikirtepe at Kadıköy excavations were able to prove the presence of fishermen and hunters by their oval and rectangular houses Lehmgeflecht. The site was the Fikirtepe culture the name you belong next to the main locality also Pendik, Ihpinar ( at Iznik ) and Menteşe. The Late Neolithic Ceramics from Fikirtepe found westward to spread to Thessaly.

Bithynia and Roman Empire

According to Herodotus wandered the Thyni and Bithyni, two Thracian tribes entered the area, which later became the Kingdom of Bithynia formed, which also belonged Pendik. In the 6th century BC their empire fell to Lydia, but its king Croesus was defeated 546 BC the Persians. Thus, the area was part of the satrapy of Phrygia. When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, succeeded in Bithynians to preserve their independence, 297 BC, it was a kingdom. 264 BC the capital Nicomedia was born. The last king of Bithynia Nicomedes IV bequeathed his empire in the year 74 BC the Romans. After that, the place shared the political fate of the Roman and the Byzantine Empire. In Panteichion executions were carried out several times, so in the year 399 that of Eutropius, the consul and advisor to the Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius, or that of the Huns Tarrach. The supreme Emperor Justinian I, Belisarius, had a villa in Pendik, or at least the country as per capita income reported.

Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire

In 1079 the Seljuk Turks conquered the city before it was recaptured by 1086 from the Byzantine Empire. Under Byzantine rule, the city bore the name Pantikion or Pentikion. From 1306 to the 1320er years there have been battles between Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire to the region. To 1328 conquered the Ottoman Empire Orhan Gazi with taking the castle of Aydos and the Palace of Damatrys the city back. Approximately 4.5 km east of the city center is named after the conqueror and Ottoman rulers community Orhangazi.

Since then, Pendik was a small fishing village. In Pendik there were three large fires 1878-1889. The most serious occurred in 1889, it is estimated that destroyed about 1,200 homes and shops. The city was then rebuilt at the request of the city council, designed by Parisian architects and engineers.

Turkish Republic

For the Ottoman period Pendik was a belonging to Gebze village, later a municipality of Üsküdar and Sanjak of Kartal.

On 30 January 1923, the population exchange was agreed in the Treaty of Lausanne between Greece and Turkey. On the basis of this Convention, based in Asia Minor Greek Orthodox population was expelled to Greece, the Muslim population of Greece had to emigrate to Turkey. This Pendik was from a Greek to a Turkish place.

On July 4, 1987 No. 19507 was announced that Pendik August 11, 1988, a separate district is in the Turkish Official Journal.

Population Development

Demographic changes

By 1923, the population of Pendik consisted almost exclusively of Greeks. After the Treaty of Lausanne this were 1923/24, forced to leave Pendik. The Greek population that left Pendik, founded a settlement of the same name near Thessaloniki. In the course of Bevölkerungsausstausches residents came primarily from drama and Ioannina to Pendik. From 1923 many people from Anatolia established themselves in Pendik. In the 1950s, rapid population growth was recorded. From East Macedonia and Thrace, Epirus and Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were many immigrants. Between 1960 and 1970, then the Pendik station was built. In the 1980s, there was a population explosion, which is due to the opening of the dockyard in Pendik (Turkish Pendik Tersanesi ) in July 1982. In 2011 lived in Pendik 609 535 people, of which 300 016 women and 309 519 men. Of these, 3,628 people live in villages.

Age structure

The following table shows the age structure of Pendik in 2007.

Policy

City ​​Government

In the local elections on 28 March 2004, the AKP received 44.3 %, CHP 30.4%, SP 10.3% and MHP 4.5%. The economist Erol Kaya (ACP ) was re-elected for his third term. The turnout of 274 574 eligible voters was around 74.50 %.

The municipal election held on 30 March 2009 brought the AKP 43.4%, CHP 31.9%, SP 10.8%, MHP 6.1% and 2.7% DTP. As mayor of physicians Kenan Şahin was elected by the conservative Islamic AKP. He took over the position from his predecessor Erol Kaya (ACP ), who was mayor since March 1994. The turnout of 338 560 registered voters was 86.26 %.

In the 2011 parliamentary elections, the AKP received 56.39 %, 24.30% of the CHP, the MHP 10.22% and 2.37% SP. The remaining 6.72% were distributed to small parties. At the general election of 2007, the AKP received 51.95 %, 20.69 %, the CHP, the MHP 11.07% and 4.35% SP. The turnout was 84.96 %.

Twinning

Pendik maintains with the following cities twinned:

  • Serbia Novi Pazar, Serbia ( 2010)
  • Chingeltei Mongolia, Mongolia ( 2010)
  • Hungary Kispest, Hungary ( 2010)
  • United States Manchester, United States (2012 )

Culture and sights

Pendik is well known for its marinas and coastal roads (Turkish Sahilyolu ) that are wide and have expanded to continuous green areas on numerous multi-generational and children's playgrounds. Along the coastal road to be found in other counties through fenced basketball and football courts, near which are situated mainly tea gardens. The weekly market has been held since 2010 at the weekend on the coast road on a protected by large tents in many places from the rain and especially before sun room.

In the city center Pendiks there are many ice cream parlors and fast-food restaurants and a variety of boutiques and shops. Near the old market square is the built in 1958 mosque " Çarşı Camii ". The original minaret was destroyed by the earthquake of Gölcük in 1999.

The centrally located Ataturk Cultural ( Turkish: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi ) has an auditorium with 300 seats, two rooms behind the stage and a foyer that serves as an exhibition space. In December 2011, opened Turkey's first zoological museum and houses 650 stuffed animals.

Byzantine monastery

1974 various remains were found during construction work in Çınardere, then from Istanbul University excavations were carried out, a Byzantine monastery was uncovered. A medium Byzantine cross-domed church was the center of the plant. This was preceded by a narthex to the west, north, a small chapel with a rich opus sectile floor was added, because a small grave chamber. South of the main church, there were two other rooms, before the church atrium covered. The system can be only generally dated to the 9th to 11th century.

Temenye

Temenye is the name of a residential area about 1 km east of the city center where there is a hill of Pendik. It has a village an older history than Pendik itself under Byzantine rule was called the city " Kasilaos ". In the field, the Church of John the Baptist is (Turkish Hz Yahya Kilisesi ). Behind the church graves were found which were attributed to the Byzantine period. According to the story told by the Roman Emperor Valens that the arm and the skull of John the Baptist would be located in Syria and ordered to be bringing these to Istanbul. When the mules which carried the sacred relics, reached Temenye, this did not continue. Valen was very surprised by this fact, so he built a church dedicated to John the Baptist in Temenye. Until 1924 August 29 was considered a day of remembrance.

Prehistoric settlement mound of Pendik

In the hills of Pendik (Turkish Pendik Höyüğü or Temenye Höyük ) is a prehistoric settlement mound ( Turkish Höyük ). It is located from the city center about 1.5 km to the east. On behalf of the Turkish Historical Society in 1961 excavations were carried out under the direction of Şevket Aziz Kansu in April. Many historical heritage were destroyed by the shocks of about 500 meters from the railway line. It was not until the early 1980s was the railway diverted and further excavations are approved. These were led by a team at the University of Istanbul and the Ministry of Culture. Officially it was first lodged on 6 April 1993 as archaeological discovery.

The pits are centrally located around a circular pit. They have a diameter of 3 to 6 m and 50 to 80 cm deep. Depending on the depth were larger flat stones for the base of some pits, used for other pebbles. It stands to reason that these pits were used as living quarters or earlier graves. The roof was supported by thick tree trunks, which were connected by smaller branches and were plastered with clay. Under the basis of two pits two skeletons bestatteter adult were found.

Compared to other excavated hills in Istanbul, many tools have been found from bones and antlers on the hill of Pendik. Many stone tools were made of flint and obsidian. The tools come from the time of Epipaläolithikums.

Yavuz Sultan Selim bridge

On the Origin of Yavuz Sultan Selim bridge there is just a story, but could not be proved. Yavuz Sultan Selim is said to have made ​​of Istanbul on the way to Baghdad in 1516. In Pendik he still believed to follow the course of the Baghdad road, but was actually on the road today Ankara ( Turkish: Ankara Caddesi ). In order to pass the small valley, he built the bridge and about 300 meters from the bridge dig a well. 1945, a part of the bridge and the fountain were destroyed. To date, the bridge was not mentioned in any record; there are only the remains of this.

Education, Education and Welfare

In the district of Pendik, there are 63 public and private primary schools, 30 secondary schools, 19 kindergartens and three vocational schools and research institutes. The educational program is perceived by some 110,000 students (as of 2012).

In the district there are 23 municipal hospitals of Sağlık Grup, three nursing homes, a tuberculosis hospital and a teaching hospital. In addition, four private hospitals, eight health centers, eight medical centers, five dental clinics, two dialysis centers, 41 different laboratories, over 100 surgical outpatient clinics and 150 pharmacies find.

The third division Pendikspor founded in 1950, is home stadium in the district Çınardere in Pendik. National known he was in that he in the 3rd round of the Turkish Football Cup of Saision 1999/2000, the record champions Fenerbahce tossed with a 2-1 victory from the competition.

Economy and infrastructure

Economy

Since November 4, 1963 in Pendik is a company of building materials manufacturer Ytong, who is responsible for the production of wall blocks. Production started in 1965. In May 2004, a cooperation between Ytong and Alsecco GmbH, since 25 % belong to Ytong arose. In addition, in July 1982 opened a shipyard in Pendik, which had a strong population growth result. The shipyard was expanded between 1986 and 1991 under the direction of the Turkish state authority for ports and airfields ( Turkish: Devlet ve Limanlar Havameydanları ) and received, among other things, larger dry docks. From 1995 to 1999 there was a slight continuous decrease in the number of workers from 1320 to 1137. The earthquake of 1999 Gölcük large parts of the yard were destroyed, whereby the operation had to be stopped for about a year.

In 2000, there were 4,532 commercial in Pendik. 2008, the number had increased by 29.26 % to 5,858 commercial establishments, of which about 2,000 were part of the Industry sector of production, 1,200 to 1,000 construction industry and to trading. The industry provides the economic core Pendiks dar. With an unemployment rate of about 4% Pendik is far below the unemployment rate in Turkey ( 9.2%). 56,600 people are employed in the industry ( including 6,000 women), the administrative nature, there are about 13,500 employees and 12,000 merchants. Due to the industrialization in the former fishing village, the number of fishermen has fallen to about 500.

Shopping centers

In Pendik there are two shopping centers, the Neomarin and Pendorya. In April 2009 the Neomarin in Güzelyalı opened as the first shopping center Pendiks and is about 7 million visitors. In the entrance hall there is a 17 m high wall of water and a lighted waterfall the same amount. Covering an area of ​​35,000 m2 located 140 stores, including Carrefour, Deichmann, Mavi Jeans, LC Waikiki and Teknosa and an approximately 3,000 m2 large "Safari Park ", which is used as a play area for children.

With the Pendorya in December 2009 opened the second shopping mall in Pendik. On a total area of 80,000 m² 105 shops are to be found. The supermarket Tesco Kipa is with a shopping area of ​​8,500 m² the largest retail Turkey. With an area of ​​5,500 m² located in Pendorya one of the five largest media market outlets Eurasia. In addition, there is a cinema ( Cinemaximum ) with eight cinemas and shops like Mango, among others, Mavi Jeans and LC Waikiki in Pendorya.

Traffic

Road Traffic and Public Transport

The bulk of the public transport on the roads in the region is because only a few railway lines exist settled. Buses, taxis ( dolmus ) and taxis play an important role, with the yellow cabs occupy a large share of the total traffic and wear the city buses the brunt of public transport. Pendik is very close to E 80 and O- fourth The former E 5 (now D-100 ) runs through the center Pendiks. In addition, there is a variety of major and minor roads which link the county. 2006 was the " Kartal - Pendik Masterplan " by Zaha Hadid. This will provide relief for, among other things the busy east-west line through parallel side roads in both counties and adapt by minimizing detours and a coordinated landscape design urban planning to the strong population growth.

In Pendik there are about 25 bus lines which connect the municipalities in the district itself, but also neighboring counties together. For example, Tuzla, Kartal, Kadıköy and Sultanbeyli.

Rail transport

The Asian part of Istanbul is connected by a 44.2 km long railway line with each other, which was built in stages, 1871-1908. The route begins at Haydarpaşa Station and runs via Kadıköy, Maltepe, Kartal, Pendik and Tuzla to Gebze.

Air and maritime transport

In the district of Pendik is the Sabiha Gökçen Airport. It was opened in 2001 and was the first step of the project " Industrial Park of advanced technology," which is planning a number of other services in addition to transportation, foreign trade, aviation and technology. The airport is a central pillar in the development of the area into a technology base and to serve as role models, as were their namesake Sabiha Gökçen for the emancipation of Turkish women in working life.

1870, the harbor station in Pendik was founded. There are daily since 1998 the ferry from Pendik to Eminönü. Since 2004, the ferry from Pendik to Yalova and a ferry along the coast about Kartal and Maltepe after Beyoğlu. The ferries of the company İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri A.Ş. operated.

References

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