Personalism
The term is derived from personalism person in the philosophical sense. It refers to a philosophical mindset especially of the 20th century, which emerged from the Christian- humanist world view and sees itself as a critical alternative to individualism, communist and fascist theories. Personalistic approaches form a "third way" besides naturalistic and socialist theories by placing the freedom of decision as a basic principle of human life. In addition, they put out through their emphasis on the spiritual dimension of human life, their commitment authority and values-based action, and the community as a foundation for the development of the individual from other theories. Your work is of a practical nature, the transformation of society.
Philosophy
The core of the personalistic idea is the belief that man is essentially characterized by the ability to decide freely and responsibility for his actions and that this structural freedom is an inalienable, highest value and an end in itself. The fact that the man of his freedom makes use, it determines itself as a person and becomes the " author of his life history" ( Winfried Böhm ). The person is not immortal essence ( within the meaning of soul), it reveals itself only in the common practice of human thought and action. Personality is the dynamic ontological constitution of the subject that produces itself through practice in this sense.
The difference to a pure theory of the subject lies in the fact that may constitute the person solely by their relationship to another person, that is, in their social relations and realize. Therefore, the community of people and the dialogue is a constitutive function, and here in particular the personal education.
Add delimitation of empirical approaches that define the people, for example as a biological individual or a social role player, man withdraws as a person of foreign rule by nature and society, he creates himself through his actions. Human freedom and the concomitant responsibility are inalienable, that is, the individual can not be separated from them. This view has in common personalism with existentialism. While existentialism but largely focuses on a description of the meaninglessness of existence, it is personalism important, values produce that could create a meaningful existence. The ethical dimensions of the person extend ( by Paul Ricœur ) at three levels: the desire for a full life - with and for others - in just institutions.
Persona lists
As one of the most influential sources of the personalist movement in the 20th century (which the term personalism established ) the group can be referred to Emmanuel Mounier in France, which was known as the publisher of the magazine Esprit as the author of personalistic Manifesto. The district engaged thinker to Mounier are Jacques Maritain, Gabriel Marcel, Nicholas Berdyaev, René Biot, Jean Lacroix, Paul- Louis Landsberg, Louis Lavelle, Alexandre Marc and Louis Meylan Act. Personalistic taxonomists in the history of philosophy were: Antonio Rosmini - di Serbati, John Henry Newman, Charles Renouvier, Borden Parker Bowne, Ralph Tyler Flewelling, Edgar Sheffield Brightman and William Stern. Other representatives of the personalistic idea are Friedrich Schleiermacher, Martin Buber, Romano Guardini, Giuseppe Flores d' Arcais, Giuseppe Catalfamo, Paul Ricoeur, Daniel - Rops, Winfried Böhm, Robert Spaemann, Paulo Freire, Karol Wojtyla, Erich Fromm, Max Scheler, Karl Lugmayer, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Humberto Maturana 's concept of autopoiesis.