Polemoniaceae

Polemonium caeruleum

The plant family of the barrier cabbage family ( Polemoniaceae ), also called Jacob's ladder plants, belongs to the order of the heather -like ( Ericales ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ).

• 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

There are mostly annual or perennial herbaceous plants, some species are climbers, rarely are woody plants: subshrubs, shrubs or trees ( Cantua ). Some species contain colored latex. They often smell unpleasant.

The leaves are alternate and spiral, opposite or whorls ( Gymnosteris ) arranged. The leaves are petiolate to sessile. The leaf blade may be simple or compound; the leaf blade is assembled, it can be incised pinnate or palmate. The leaf margins are smooth, toothed or serrated. Stipules absent.

Generative features

The flowers are individually rare, mostly in differently shaped inflorescences, usually in the form of cymes or layer bouquets and often crowded together capitate. The hermaphrodite flowers are usually fünfzählig, rarely cruciform with double perianth. You can be radial symmetry to slightly zygomorphic. The rare four or five sepals are usually cylindrical fused to bell-shaped. The petals are usually grown. It's just a circle with usually five free, fertile stamens present. Most three (two to five) carpels are fused into a superior ovaries. In each ovary compartment to many ovules are present. The style usually ends in a three-lobed stigma.

Are formed capsule fruits. The seeds are spherical, ovoid or spindle-shaped and sometimes winged.

Ingredients

Frequently Triterpensaponine occur.

Ecology

They are pollinated by insects ( entomophily ) such as flies, beetles, bees or fanatics, hummingbirds ( Ornithophilie ) and bats ( Chiropterophilie ). The Phlox species and the domestic and in Europe Jacob ladders are pollinated exclusively by insects.

Dissemination

Representatives of locking herb plants are distributed mainly in North America, where many species occur in the northwestern United States. Some species occur in South America. Few species are widespread in Eurasia.

Use

Some species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants, Ipomopsis aggregata example, Cobaea scandens, Phlox and Polemonium varieties. From the few species the medical effect was investigated further use by humans, there are few.

System

The Polemoniaceae family was first published in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, as " Polemonia " Genera Plantarum in, 136. Type genus is L. Polemonium. Only a synonym for Polemoniaceae Juss. is Cobaeaceae D.Don. Molecular genetic studies showed that the family Polemoniaceae is only monophyletic if the taxa of the previous Cobaeaceae are incorporated. For a long time this family was placed in its own order Polemoniales or in the Solanales, today it is classified in the order Ericales. Within the Ericales the Polemoniaceae are the Fouquieriaceae the next.

The blocking of the herb plants ( Polemoniaceae ) family since Prather et al. Divided in two in 2000 and now in three subfamilies and about 18 to 25 genera. The couple have about 350-385 species:

• Acanthogilioideae JMPorter & LAJohnson: with only one genus: Acanthogilia AGDay & Moran, with only one type: Acanthogilia gloriosa ( Brandegee ) A. Day & RC Moran: Your home is Baja California.

• Cobaeoideae Arnott: The basic chromosome numbers usually be n = 15, 26, 27, with four genera and 34 species in the Neotropics: Bonplandia Cav. Using only one type: Bonplandia geminiflora Cav. The home is Mexico.

• Cantua buxifolia J.Juss. ex Lam., ( Qantu, Kantuta )

• Glockenrebe ( Cobaea scandens Cav. ), Also called bell winch.

• Polemonioideae Arnott: the base chromosome numbers generally be n = 7 or 9, n ​​= 6 or 8, rarely with 13 to 22 genera and about 350 species: Aliciella fire (sometimes in Gilia Ruiz & Pav ): With about 20 species; they are found in western North America.
• Allophyllum ( Nutt. ) ADGrant & VEGrant: The only two annual species thrive in the mountains of the western United States.
• . Collomia Nutt: With about 13 species are native to North or South America; for example: Large-Flowered Leimsaat ( Collomia grandiflora Douglas ex Lindl. )

• Lathrocasis tenerrima ( A. Gray ) L.A.Johnson; it occurs in western North America

• Maculigilia maculata ( Parish ) V.E.Grant; it occurs in California

Swell

• The Polemoniaceae in APWebsite family. (Section Description and systematics)
• Ruizheng catching & Dieter H. Wilkins: Polemoniaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 16, page 326: Online. ( Description section )
• Verne Grant: Primary Classification and Phylogeny of the Polemoniaceae, with Comments on Molecular Cladistics, in American Journal of Botany, 85, 1998, p 741
• L. Alan Prather, Carolyn J. Ferguson & Robert K. Jansen: Polemoniaceae phylogeny and classification: implications of sequence data from the chloroplast gene ndhF, in American Journal of Botany, 2000, 87 (9 ), pp. 1300-1308: Online. ( Section systematics)
• JM Porter & Leigh A. Johnson: A phylogenetic classification of Polemoniaceae in Aliso, 19, 2000, pp. 55-91.
• Leigh A. Johnson, LM Chan, TL Weese, LD & Busby S. McMurry: Nuclear and cpDNA sequences combined Provide strong inference of higher phylogenetic relationships in the phlox family ( Polemoniaceae ), in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 2008, p.. 997-1012.
• Jürg Schönberger: Comparative Floral Structure and Systematics of Fouquieriaceae and Polemoniaceae ( Ericales ), in the International Journal of Plant Sciences, Volume 170, no. 9, 2009, pp. 1132-1167.