Pontic Greek
Spoken in
- Indo-European Greek Attic Greek Pontic
-
Ine
Pnt
The Pontic language ( Pontian Ποντιακά Pontiaka or Ρωμαίικα Romeyika, Greek Ποντιακή διάλεκτος Pontiakē dialektos, Turkish Pontus lehçesi ) is a Greek language that was originally spoken in the Turkish Black Sea coast including adjacent areas of Georgia. This region was called in ancient Pontus Pontus Latinized. The speakers of the Pontic, the Pontic Greeks.
It emerged from the Attic Greek language and contains influences from the Byzantine- Greek, Turkish, Persian and from numerous Caucasian languages .
The Pontic is difficult for speakers of Standard Greek to understand. The reason for this lies in the fact that these languages developed for the period of almost two millennia with little mutual influence. In addition, the Pontic was influenced by the Caucasian languages in the Middle Ages. Thus, the Pontic contains grammatical forms, which are the standard Greek foreign.
In the new edition of the Atlas of the World 's Languages in Danger by UNESCO, the Pontic language is definitely classified as an endangered language.
Examples
- Example 1: Pontic en ( is ), Ancient Greek esti, Koine enesti, Biblical form eni, Modern Greek ine
- Example 2: Pontic temeteron (our ), Ancient Greek to ( n ) hemeteron, Modern Greek to ( n ) ... mas
- Example 3: Pontic diminutive pedin ( child), Ancient Greek paidion, Modern Greek pedi
- Example 4 (combination of 2 and 3): Pontic temeteron to pedin ( our child ), Ancient Greek / Koine to hemeteron paidion, Modern Greek to pedi mas
Term Royal
The Greek Byzantines called themselves " Romans ". The by Hieronymus Wolf coined until the 16th century term " Byzantine Empire " was the citizens of the (Eastern) Roman Empire unknown. The in Turkey is still popular term rum referred to their descendants. It can be inferred from their self-designation: Greek Ρωμαίοι Rōmaioi ( " Romans ").
- Rumca, Rumdza and Romeyika ( Pontic names for the Greek to Trabzon )
- Pontiaka (now familiar term for the Pontic diaspora )
The Greek linguist Manolis Triantafyllidis differentiated in the Pontic language between a western group ( oinuntisch or Niotika to Ünye (Greek Oinoe ) ) of an eastern coastal group ( trapezuntisch to Trabzon around), and chaldiotisch in east hinterland ( to Gümüşhane ) was spoken; most speakers lived in Chaldia.
Spread
- Koiné
- Pontic Greek
- Kappatokisches Greek
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Pontic Greek is spoken along the Turkish Black Sea Coast and in neighboring Georgia. The westpontische dialect group was located in the area between Inebolu and Ünye that ostpontische group in space Trabzon, in Chaldia and Gümüşhane. As part of the regulated in the Treaty of Lausanne population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 left the Christian Pontic Greeks, the majority of speakers these areas. What remained were the Muslim Pontic Greeks, whose ancestors were mostly converted to Islam in the 17th century ( Mack Ridge 1987). The Muslims speak the Pontic today in a contiguous area in the districts of Of and Sürmene, both located in the province of Trabzon.
In spoken exclusively by Muslims Subdialekt the region Of the Neogräzist Peter Mack Ridge believed the original form of the Pontic, as the spokesman for the conversion of their ancestors to Islam lost all contact with the Greek-speaking world ( for example, the Greek Church ), causing many archaic and medieval characteristics the Subdialekts remained. For example, they use only the ancient Greek negative particle ου.
There is no reliable and official figures on the ( Muslim ) Pontic Greeks in Turkey because of the state in censuses since 1965, no data on the ethnic and religious affiliation of the population may be levied. Exact figures are therefore difficult to detect. According to the national census of 1965, where the ethnic and religious affiliation of the population were collected for the last time, saying 300,000 people in Turkey .. The Pontian Greek pontischstämmige linguist, Dr. Ioanna Sitaridou estimates the number of pontischsprachigen Muslims to about 5,000 speakers.
In the latest edition of the Atlas of the World 's Languages in Danger by UNESCO, the Pontic language in Turkey, definitely classified as an endangered language because the speaker ( according to this level by UNESCO ), except for a few semi-speakers and linguists, only older speakers are and there is no longer a passing language to the younger generation.
According Sitaridou is in addition to the steady emigration from Trabzon, the influence of the dominant Turkish-speaking majority of the reasons why the language is in danger of extinction. The Turkish author Ömer Asan refers to the contiguous Pontic -speaking world, consisting of 60 villages in the province of Trabzon. These speakers so Asan, come from the province of Trabzon and now live scattered all over the Turkey or have emigrated abroad.
These are, among others, in the following counties:
- Tonya (17 villages)
- Sürmene ( 6 villages )
- Çaykara (17 villages)
- Dernekpazarı (13 villages)
- Uzungöl, Sheraxo ( 6 villages )
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Pontic -speaking world has as a result of significant migration to the Caucasus and the Russian Empire expanded (see Greek minority in the successor states of the Soviet Union). In these areas now considered the Pontic at the most vital, although large parts of the speaker populations migrate to Greece. In the 1930s, the Pontic was temporarily used in the then -Soviet space as a literary medium. Among other things, for example, a grammar school was written ( Topkhara 1998), which explains the Pontic Pontic grammar in language. In 1989 lived in Russia 40,000 speakers, including 15,000 each in the region of Krasnodar and Stavropol in. In Georgia, it was reported at that time of 60,000 speakers in Armenia lived 2,500 people. The Pontic dialects in Georgian Tsalka and in Armenia Alaverdi are partially emerged from Cappadocian dialects were probably assimilated by the Pontic.
There is a limited quantity Pontic literature, which also includes some volumes of Asterix.
Romeyka
Romeyka is today spoken by around 5000 people around Trabzon Pontic dialect. According to the linguist Ioanna Sitardou Romeyka is closely related to ancient Greek in the sentence structures and many vocabulary. The speakers of the language live in villages near Trabzon in Pontusgebirge and remained of the expulsion of the Pontic Greeks under the Treaty of Lausanne spared because they are Muslim. Through extensive foreclosure they could preserve their archaic language.
Comparison with the ancient Greek
The following comparisons are based on the phonetics.
- 2 Identical infinitives - ηνα
- 3 The aorist ending- είν will - αι
- 4 infinitives in the aorist / e /
ράψεινε, κράξεινε, μεθύσεινε, καλέσεινε, λαλήσεινε, κτυπήσεινε, καθίσεινε
- 5 Identical aorist suffix -ka
- 6 Change of infinitive - ine to - eane