Pope Clement IV
Clement IV (* 1200 in Saint- Gilles ( Gard), † November 29, 1268 in Viterbo) was Pope from February 5, 1265 until his death.
Clerical career
Gui Foucois, Guido Foucois also Fulcodi or Guido le Gros was born in 1200 in Saint- Gilles ( Gard) on the Rhone. Prior to his spiritual career, he studied in Paris and was married. He was an advisor at the court of the Count of Toulouse and the Council of Saint Louis. In 1256 he was ordained after the death of his wife to the priest, in 1257 Bishop of Le Puy, archbishop of Narbonne in 1259 and 1261, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. As a cardinal and papal legate he tried in vain to travel to England. Clemens was a supporter of mysticism, of which his poem about the "Seven Joys of Mary " testifies ( Occitan: Los VII gauz as dona nostra ). He wrote the consultationes that deal with the practice of the Inquisition.
Four months after the death of Pope Urban IV was elected on February 5, 1265 in Perugia as his successor.
Pontificate
The previous popes held because of the struggles within the Roman nobility mostly outside of Rome, and Clement IV has never set foot in Rome as Pope. At the court of the Pope Thomas Aquinas lived.
1265 Clemens wrote the bull Parvus fons that strengthened the General Chapter of the Cistercians. Another constitution, Licet ecclesiarum, strengthened the papal authority over the church. In the bull Ea quae iudicio from August 30, 1266 he presented the Order of the Hermits Wilhelmiten restored.
Like his predecessor was Pope Clement in opposition to the increasingly powerless become Staufer. On June 28, 1268, Count Charles of Anjou was officially invested with the kingdom of Sicily. The Belehnungsbulle forbade that ever a German emperor was allowed to become the ruler of the southern kingdom again. Only Leo X put this bull overridden by enfeoffed the German Emperor Charles V on 28 May 1521 the Kingdom of Naples. After the coronation of Count Karl by five cardinals on January 6, 1266 to the king of Sicily ( on this occasion the Pope of Rome did not enter ) ended the Hohenstaufen rule in northern Italy. In the decisive battle of Benevento on February 26, 1266 and was subject to King Manfred of Sicily against King Charles. Manfred's widow Helen of Epirus and their common three sons died in the dungeons of the Angevins.
In October 1266 the Diet of Augsburg decided to send the 14 -year-old Conradin on Italy trip. Opponents Anjous forming their hopes to the heirs of the claims of the Hohenstaufen. However, Pope Clement took action to stop Conradin. He told Charles of Anjou to the " general peacemakers " (Latin paciarus generalis ) and spoke on November 18, 1267 the excommunication against the not be subjected Conradin from. The Italian campaign was still initially so successful that Conradin was elected senator in Rome. In the battle of Tagliacozzo on August 23, 1268 but was defeated Conradin, King Charles. He got into the violence and was sentenced to death. On October 29, 1268 he was beheaded in Naples.
Even before the events of Conradin, the interests of King Charles turned to the east. He intended, together with the Pope, the Latin Empire of Emperor Baldwin II wiederzuerrichten. He also sought to take over in return for its aid promises in the Treaty of Viterbo on 27 May 1267 despotisms Achaia and Morea, and the possessions of the imprisoned Queen Helena. However, because the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII resumed Union negotiations with Clemens, the re- direction of the Empire was not pursued.
Importance
Life program of the popes since Pope Gregory IX. - The disempowerment of the Staufer - Pope Clement has ended. After the death of King Manfred, he was pleased with the end and spoke of the " stinking corpse that Pestmenschen Manfred". Even the terrible end of his children after decades in the dungeons of King Charles led him to no Christian compassion. At the beheading of Conradin he was silent because he rejoiced basically about the extinction of the Hohenstaufen. At Clemens showed that even an otherwise integrity, antinepotischer Pope did not knew how to resist the inner brutalization, which was extremely enhanced by King Charles.
Dante, who was born shortly after the election of Clement in Florence, condemned this in his Divine Comedy.
Death
It was then considered judgment of God, that Pope Clement died only a month after Conradin on November 29, 1268 in Viterbo, where he was buried in San Francesco. After his death, the subsequent Sedisvakanz lasted until 1271, as the College of Cardinals at that time could not agree on his successor.
Kardinalskreierungen
1265 or 1268 created Pope Clement IV with Bernard Ayglier ( Benedictine abbot at the monastery of Montecassino ) the only cardinal of his pontificate ( 1265-1268 ).
Swell
- Ex Clementi IV registro. In: Epistolae saeculi XIII e selectae regestis Romanorum Pontificum. Part 3 Edited by Charles Rodenberg. Berlin 1894, pp. 627-726 ( Monumenta Historica Germaniae, digitized )
- Epistole et dictamina Clementi pape quarti ( letters and dictations of Pope Clement IV, PDF, 4.7 MB), ed. by Matthias Thumser, Preliminary Edition.