Port of Rotterdam
The port of Rotterdam (after Shanghai Port and Harbour Singapore ) is the third largest port in the world and by far the largest deep sea port in Europe. Had in the Rhine-Meuse delta at the mouth of the Rhine ( North Sea) Port of Turku in 2012, a cargo handling of 441 million tons.
It is located on one of the most densely traveled waterways in the world and is in contrast to most other North Sea ports for vessels up to 24 meters draft approached. Existing since the 14th century the rise of the port began with the industrialization in the Ruhr area, which is directly accessible from the Rhine. The Port of Rotterdam and the port-related business wear at about 7% of the Dutch gross domestic product and employs about 320,000 workers; work about 60,000 of them in the port area itself. The port area extends nearly 40 kilometers from the city center of Rotterdam to the Hook of Holland and takes about 100 square km area a.
- 3.1 port numbers
Economic Importance
In 2000, the port mastered 37 % of freight in tons on the section between Le Havre and Hamburg, followed by the port of Antwerp with 14%. The transported to 30,000 sea and 110,000 inland vessels goods amounted in 2000 to half in liquid bulk (about 80% of crude oil, the rest mainly on chemicals, other oils and greases, as well as fruit juice), to 30% on dry bulk and 20% on container.
The port is the single most important trading point for petroleum in Europe. There 2004 101 million tons of oil arrived, half of which was led by pipelines to the Ruhr and to Antwerp, the other half was processed directly in the harbor. In the port there are four large refineries, which usually share several companies have settled have 40 companies in the petroleum and chemical industry, three producers of gas and 13 companies that deal primarily with oil storage and distribution. From the harbor, several crude oil pipelines run to Germany and Belgium, and a product pipeline over the Ruhr area to Ludwigshafen. In the port area itself lost a total of 1,500 kilometers of pipelines.
In addition, a large proportion of imported coal in Europe passes through the port. In addition, 102 container cranes unloaded in 2007 10,790,604 TEUs, which the port was able to hold even the largest container port in Europe ahead of Hamburg. He is also the most important European port for fruit, vegetable and fruit juices. 2000 900.000 tons of vegetables and fruits, it handled, the European market for citrus fruit is also located in the city.
Altogether, the handling of the port of Rotterdam was 407 million tons in 2007.
Maasvlakte is a deep water port with a 26 -meter-deep fairway. Thus, Rotterdam is the only port in the Western world and one of three worldwide that the bulk carrier Berge Stahl can start fully loaded. In addition, there is also a large part of the offshore oil industry has settled there, because he was one of the few ports provides enough depth for their devices. At a length of 40 kilometers, it spreads over 10,500 acres; with the construction of the second Maasvlakte is a further enlargement with planned completion in 2014, is in progress.
Transportation of goods is mainly over the Rhine. Through the port of Rotterdam was also an important railway junction, including the location outside the city limits at the railway marshalling yard to Dordrecht Kijfhoek between the neighboring towns of Barendrecht and Zwijndrecht heard. The latest project is the Betuweroute that from 2007 creates a new route to link the port to the Ruhr.
Management, operation and development of the Port of Rotterdam are the tasks of the Port of Rotterdam.
History
Ports in the old downtown to 1872
Since its emergence in the 14th century to about 1920, the largest part of the port area was right in the city center. The Hoogstraat, on the rail -country Hoge - dyke, Rotterdam announced in the country town and the city of waters. In the city the first water ports have been created: the Oude Haven who Haring Vliet and the Leuvehaven. The harbor here first developed along the northern bank of the Nieuwe Maas, in which the workers settled mainly on the south bank in the Feyenoord district.
During the 19th century, ships were able to reach Rotterdam getting worse because of the silting of Brielse Maas. The channel door Voorne was created, but was soon too small for the growing vessels. Between 1866 and 1872, the New Waterway was dug so that Rotterdam got a direct connection to the North Sea. King William I and John Goldberg made for industrial settlements. The port grew in the North Sea, especially on the southern bank of the Nieuwe Maas, where repeatedly arisen between the docks new housing estates. Following the acquisition of Delfshaven 1886 had also on the right bank of the Meuse space for the port expansion. Between 1900 and 1930 there several cargo ports were built, ranging up to the boundary of the municipality of Schiedam. After 1950, these ports become less important.
Ports on the island IJsselmonde, since 1872
After the opening of the Nieuwe Water path, the development of the ports on the south bank of the Meuse and on the island IJsselmonde was continued. The first, relatively small ports built nor the Rotterdamsche Handelsvereeniging. 1882 took over the district of Rotterdam, after buying the trading facilities of the Rotterdamsche Handelsvereeniging, expansion of ports.
Port facilities that served the cargo handling were henceforth operated as a municipal commercial facilities. Feature of these institutions was that you could rent berths for ships, storage areas, buildings and areas Verladekrane for hours, days or weeks. In addition, Rotterdam leased large areas and warehouses to freight forwarders. This business ran the city until the 1960s. Then they dissolved the Gemeentelijke Handelsinrichtingen and selling cranes and warehouses.
From the city: Waalhaven and Pernis since 1920
The very strong increase in the inventory turnover always demanded greater port areas. For this, the Rijnhaven, the Waalhaven and Maashaven were created. From 1929 they built at Pernis the Eerste Petroleum Haven and settled there Petrochemical industry. The new ports showed this to the strong expansion: they took as had amounted to the entire city area of Rotterdam before more space.
Postwar developments: Botlek, Europoort, Maasvlakte
Since the island IJsselmonde had insufficient room for expansion, the Botlekgebiet the Oude Maas was developed from 1947 to the west. There, large petrochemical plants are located.
Because of the blockade of the Suez Canal in 1956 larger tankers were ever built. Rotterdam responded with the construction of the Europoort, in which the largest ships could anchor. From 1962, Rotterdam was the largest port in the world. The Europoort is set up exclusively for the handling and processing of crude oil. Since the bulk carriers were getting bigger, you had reserved in the western part of Europoort areas for the ore and grain handling. Quay of the Ertsoverslagbedrijf Europoort is next to the port of São Paulo is the only harbor, the Berge Stahl can start.
In 1966, the first 400 containers in Rotterdam have been deleted. A year later, the port with the Europe Container Terminal (ECT ) was opened in Eemhaven which landed today 's largest container handling operation in Europe, in which a total of 9 million containers in 2005. On 23 November 2007, the 10 millionth container was loaded within a year.
The Maasvlakte was the last opportunity for spreading the port of Rotterdam. By 1970, plans were made to expand the area of Hoekse Waard to Hollands Diep to the port. However, for no approval was granted. On the Maasvlakte and containers are loaded in addition to ore and crude oil since 1985, as the container ships were too large for the Eemhaven.
Operating the city's harbor until then almost exclusively for the purpose of expansion and only in response to changing business requirements, this course changed in the late 1970s. Firstly, local resistance against the increasing exploitation of nature and the consequent declining quality of life in the area between Rotterdam and the North Sea began to form. On the other hand also caused a long-lasting recession in the Netherlands that the previous plans and concepts came to the port expansion to the test.
As the port in its history from the city center has migrated further west to the North Sea, was released and over the decades, more and more areas in the city center, which seeks to revitalize the city for several years in extensive urban renewal programs. Since the 1980s, there is this, plans, also officially passed the lower house of the Netherlands in 1988, which also means that the port development will be also understood as a national priority in the Netherlands. The main concrete plans for the port expansion and renovation were in Port Plan 2010, the council adopted the Rotterdam 1993.
Development since 1990
For the port itself, the most important projects of the construction of the new railway line Betuweroute by Germany and the construction of the second Maasvlakte directly into the North Sea are into it. The Betuweroute was completed around 2010; However, the cost of the plans in 1990 and 2003 grew by 1 billion euros to 4.5 billion euros, while a second stretch was not built in the northern Netherlands. For the second Maasvlakte, which is to enlarge the port area 2000 acres, not enough investors had been found until 2003. On July 11, 2012 of the eleven -kilometer-long dike protection for the Tweede Maasvlakte thus the Netherlands was closed and enriches larger by 20 sq km and 8 km Leisure beach.
Urban renewal on free port areas
The most important project this development is the Kop van Zuid - an area on the south bank of the Nieuwe Maas River, directly opposite the city center. The area has not been used as a port since the German bombing in 1940 and fell into the following decades rapidly. The construction of the Erasmus Bridge in 1996 the city created a direct link between the two banks of the Meuse, since created numerous public buildings such as Luxor theater, several museums, as well as office and residential high-rises.
Port structure
Port numbers
All Rotterdam ports have numbers. On the north side of 100 to 1000, on the southern shore 1001-9900. These numbers are indicated on the signs.
Tourism
Harbour cruises are popular to get to know the city and to visit the bridges especially with tourists. The harbor tours start at the north end of the Erasmus Bridge. Every year in September the Welthafentag is celebrated a great festival, where you can get to know the port in more detail.