Praxis (process)

The word practice is of Greek origin (Greek πρᾶξις practice or πρᾶγμα pragma, meaning action, action, performing ', but also, execution, completion, promotion '). It is used in the context of philosophy in varying degrees of importance.

A word meaning encompasses the entire life activity, another sees practice as experts work in the field of healing, legal and business customer, but also in magic and religion, the specific acts contrary to understood them as separate realm of theory. With regard to the distinction of Practical Philosophy and Theoretical philosophy is meant by practice, often explicitly moral act.

In the 18th and 19th centuries was the practice - term input into the systems of philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach. Karl Marx developed the practice concept to a philosophical category with precise content further: the practice of the people, the subjective, material transformation of the objective reality of sensory or objective activity includes productive, political, experimental, artistic and other material activities. " The claim of Marx, they would make Hegel upside to his feet, meets exactly this aspect: the place of the divine Absolute in Hegel Marx joins the substantive economic Absolute of the production process or the work as the causative all reality. "

The result, in materialism, the importance of practice as a criterion of reality against any theories. The practice will correct and enrich human knowledge, prevent its solidification in dogmas and orienting them to the current time or place tasks of human society. In contrast to the spirit, the mind or thought ( " come up " in the sense of, " muse " or " imagine " ), the practice is oriented to the man of identifiable and executable. Lenin defined the practice in this sense as " criterion of truth ". He was referring to, is the verification of theories and their compatibility with the real reality ( practice). That was one of the foundations of his further development of Marxism Leninism to later so designated, in which he tried to adapt Marx's theories to the then Russian reality.

Practice category as the " philosophy of praxis " or short practice philosophy has also been included from the western, non- orthodox Marxism in the 20th century. The philosophical practice thinking of Georg Lukács refers yet much to the Marxist category of "work" and the concept of the proletariat as a historical subject. After considerations of Antonio Labriola unfolded Antonio Gramsci 's " filosofia della practice " as beyond materialism and idealism standing: "For the philosophy of praxis being can not be separated from thinking. " Even Jean -Paul Sartre was referring to in his practice understanding on Marx. In the Frankfurt School very different interpretations were represented. For example, while the practical understanding of Max Horkheimer the Marxist approach still was close, Jürgen Habermas rejected the apprehended mainly by the group of Yugoslav practice philosophers integral practice concept as " holistic" He parted instead between instrumental and communicative action and came to the basic conception: " The social practice is constituted linguistically " Habermas does so, however not on a what at the same time holding on to Frankfurt philosophical Institute Alfred Schmidt in his practice article: nature connection can not be blown up simply by communicative action, there." purposeful action can only say so [ ] that it cunningly intertwined with the process material its own laws, "which has profound implications for the communicative utterableness of reality: " that such ' per se ': exist independently of all practical (and their theoretical implications ), is of course, only in the Dimensions pronounceable, such as the objective world has become [ by human practice ] to a ' for us '. "

In the Latin American debate of critical Marxism provides practice - term in the 60s of the 20 century the decisive break with the Soviet orthodoxy dar. The Spanish- Mexican philosopher Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez ( UNAM) developed in his philosophy of practice for the first time on the continent a non- mechanistic interpretation of society within the philosophical Marxism.

Beyond Marxist traditions of thought is to be called after Friedrich Nietzsche's practical orientation of the pragmatism of William James and John Dewey and the philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead, in mediating the practice between thought and fact.