Professionalization

Under professionalization in the broader sense is meant the development of a private or voluntary activity carried out by a profession (equivalent: occupationalisation ). Such professionalization is often accompanied by an increase in efficiency. As part of the professionalization and standardization of quality improvements are often achieved. In a narrow sense refers to the professionalization development of a profession to a profession (from the Latin professio " confession / Commercial / Professional "). As a profession it an academic career is considered a high-prestige, which is exerted mainly because of the challenge that lies in the task. Other characteristics of a profession are: a high degree of professional organization ( professional organization ), personal and material design and decision freedom in action and its own professional ethics. The profession and is separated from the job (temporary work, only to earn money ) and for the occupation to secure a livelihood in the long run. Among the professions initially included only a few professions such as doctor, lawyer, clergyman.

Other professions such as counseling ( Counseling ) or Social Work are on the way to the profession (keyword knowledge society, scientization ). However, the tendency of the consulting profession for the professionalisation is not irreversible, because in many consulting areas with practical experience lay people who work with a not too rigid methodology and are well connected, well achieve good results as professionals (eg Employment Counseling, Employment Agencies, Career Counseling, Health Counseling ).

Historical development

Rudolf Stichweh describes the phenomenon of professions through the transformation of the feudal system to functionally differentiated society, as well as their relevance in it. Professions developed depending on the country, an example of which is the difference between the Anglo-American and continental Europe. In America, great emphasis was placed on the management of the practical training and testing of the offspring. It is also necessary to consider the orders within the professions. Germany and France, however, differed greatly within the professional occupations between practical and the academic- scientific knowledge. Today, professions are characterized by an academic education that are semi-autonomous, but at the same time influenced by the state. The professions of early modernism characterized by the inclusion of all social problem of men, and therefore take on the whole of society with respect. The professions of the 20th century are more focused on the function of social sub- areas, which deal with the change in their personal environment.

Profession models

The classical sociology of professions dominated until the sixties in the Anglo-American world and found in particular with the works of Hans Jürgen home and Albrecht Hesse its way into the German-speaking area. After Thomas Kurtz can (attributes model) five theoretical positions are distinguished, which ascribe a different meaning to the process of professionalization on the description of external characteristics of professions beyond.

Attributes model

Strukturfunktionalistische view

Consist After Talcott Parsons and professions arise from an activity-specific value consensus so. In the solution of certain problems whose striving enjoys a high social esteem Another premise for Profession provides for Parsons the risk of failure in this activity dar. more similarities he sees in the structural similarities of the profession: professional - professional labor - market economic behavior - bureaucratic administration

Symbolic Interaction Theory perspective

The work on people is in the interactionist perspective central feature of a profession. Only the interaction with the client defines the specific activity of the expert gradually. Expert and layman or clients come from various different worlds of meaning, the distance to be overcome in the conflict with each other and in nächträglicher or interim supervision.

Power Theoretical Approach

In this approach, the professions of the society has given permission to intervene in certain areas of the privacy of its members. As the Company ( speak healing, law, ... ) on the performance of the professions is instructed to meet the relevant professional groups awarded special privileges. In addition to client- oriented capabilities of the receipt of the privileges granted to them plays an important role in the professions. To this end, they also exert a control over their respective countries.

Structure Theoretical Approach

Ulrich Oevermann sees the profession the " mediation between theory and practice with regard to the solution manifest problems of clients. " Through a deputy interpretation linked to the professional actor be generalized rule knowledge and hermeneutic case, understanding the structural problems of the life practice of his clients. Other profession theories raises Oevermann before a theoretical deficit, which lies in the fact that they structure theory are unable to explain how to run the professional activities whose task it is to manage crises.

System theoretical perspective

In the concept of profession is a systems -theoretical perspective the profession as a learned and evolved over paid work a subset. The profession as an autopoietic subsystem is characterized by Kurtz by a " specific training for a particular field of activity " from. As a two -page forms, it forms after Luhmann along a binary code out (using the example of science true / false ) and differentiates itself always more out. Professions form symbolically generalized communication media out to increase the probability of successful communication, ie To facilitate communication within a subsystem. A special role in this take on the activity fields that seek to problems of inclusion. There, the generalization of communication is not possible and is replaced by " professionally managed interaction among those present ." Leitprofessionen play a significant role in the functional system. You manage knowledge at the action level, and delegate control at the same time. Stichweh used the concept of mono occupational functioning system, which means that only a professional group representing the unity of a system. The internal perspective is now the task of the professions. They deal at the action level with different inclusion problems of the respective functional systems. The professions are always faced with the task of managing knowledge. This is not scientific knowledge, but the knowledge in the systems.

Newer models

More recently profession models have emerged, which are also the social and structural developments in the ( post- ) industrial society. This allows other professions, with a legitimate claim profession ( eg social work ) to describe itself as such. The newer models focus on point 1 and point 3 of the " indication theoretical model ", ie to the scientific obligation to state reasons and the code of professional conduct. Examples of this are, firstly, the model of reflexive professionalism by Dewe / Otto and the value and scientific theoretical model by Obrecht.

A professionalization of women's domains, and a consideration of female connotations, requirements in the job evaluation are considered as a strategy for overcoming the division of sectors for men and women.