Proteaceae

King Protea ( Protea Cynaroides )

  • Bellendenoideae
  • Grevilleoideae
  • Persoonioideae
  • Proteo ideae
  • Symphionematoideae

The silver tree plants or Proteusgewächse ( Proteaceae ) are a family of plants in the order of the silver tree -like ( Proteales ). The approximately 77 genera with about 1600 species occur in the southern hemisphere.

  • 2.1 roots
  • 2.2 Pyrophyten
  • 2.3 pollination

Description

Appearance and leaves

Proteaceae are mostly evergreen woody plants: trees or shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbaceous plants. Especially in the morphology of the leaves can in some species recognize that this is a family with relatively original features, the leaves often have Gabelnervatur ( dichotomous ). The leaves have a variety of forms: from undivided to finely slashed there are all possibilities. Sometimes they are needle-like, pointed and some leaf shapes are more reminiscent of ferns than in seed plants. Stipules absent.

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

The small single flowers are often together in large and showy inflorescences. The flowers are hermaphrodite, or functionally male or female. Rarely are they monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ) getrenntgeschlechtig. The relatively simple design flowers are zygomorphic and mostly radial symmetry to fourfold. The perianth is very differently structured - divided into sepals and petals or just a circle of bloom cladding. It's just a circle with usually four ( rarely three ) stamens present, which are far intertwine with the bloom cladding. Each flower contains only a constant upper carpel; it contains one to many ovules. Between bloom cladding and ovary there is an existing or ring of four scales gland for the production of nectar ( the so-called discus ).

Are formed follicles, drupes or achenes.

Ecology

Root

Many representatives of the silver tree plants have developed a strategy to remove the few nutrients and minerals to the soil with high efficiency. Especially the species that grow in nutrient-poor soils that form after rains very numerous so-called " proteoid ". These are short-lived, short roots in dense clusters. They grow mainly close to the surface and are particularly adapted to receive the rinsed by the rain into the soil nutrients and minerals.

Pyrophyten

Very common in the Proteaceae are species that release their seeds only after a fire, these species are highly adapt to forest fires, the phenomenon is called fire trees or Pyrophyten. Examples are the silver oak ( Grevillea ) and the banksia ( Banksia ). The benefit to the plant is that after a fire, the location is almost devoid of vegetation and the soil has been well fertilized by the ash.

The seeds survive the fire either:

  • In thick seed coats, for example, in banksia ( Banksia ),
  • Enveloped in the inflorescences, for example in sugar bushes ( Protea )
  • Be buried by rodents, for example, in silver trees ( Leucadendron )
  • Worn or ants in their buildings, for example in Leucospermum.

Some species from areas without regular bush fire dismissed their seeds without any external influence short time after maturity.

Pollination

Pollination is either by insects or by birds and often also by marsupials and rodents.

Dissemination

The ancestors of the Proteaceae family originated before the supercontinent of Gondwana broke apart about 150 million years ago. The present-day area of ​​the Proteaceae is disjoint and mainly corresponds to the parts of Gondwana. The range of this family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere: South America, Mid to Southern Africa, Southern China to Australia, Japan, South India. Many of the genera and species of the tribe Proteae include the South African Cape flora.

System

The type genus is Protea, which is named after Proteus, the Greek sea god. Proteus is known to change its shape constantly for his art. The individual taxa of Proteaceae are in shape, habit and especially leaves, also very different.

The family Proteaceae is divided into five subfamilies, which in turn are subdivided again into tribes and often subtribe. The family includes about 77 genera with about 1600 species. Here the sub-families with their tribe, subtribe and genera according to Peter H. Weston & Nigel P. Barker 2006:

  • Beaurea Brongn. & Gris: The approximately 13 species are native to New Caledonia.
  • Beaupreopsis virot: it contains only one type: Beaupreopsis paniculata ( Brongn. & Gris ) virot: It is native to New Caledonia.
  • Cenarrhenes nitida Labill. It is native to Tasmania.
  • Subtribe Stirlingiinae LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only one genus: Stirlingia Endl. The approximately seven species are found only in Western Australia.
  • Conospermum Sm: The approximately 53 species occur in southern Australia, including Tasmania.
  • Synaphea R.Br.: The approximately 50 to 56 species are found only in Western Australia.
  • Aulax mountain. The only three species occur only in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape and Western Cape.
  • Petro Audiophile R.Br. ex Knight: The 42-53 species occur only in Australia, of which only about 37 in Western Australia.
  • Faurea Harvey: The approximately 15 species are in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar widespread.
  • Protea ( Protea L. ): The about 115 species are in sub-Saharan Africa widespread.
  • Subtribe Isopogoninae P.H. Weston & NPBarker: it contains only one genus: Isopogon R.Br. ex Knight: The approximately 35 species are in the southern and western Australia home, for example: Isopogon formosus R.Br.: It is native to southwestern Australia.
  • Adenanthos Labill. Located about The 33 species in southern Australia.
  • Diastella Salisb. The seven species are found only in the Western Cape and some of them are considered rare and endangered.
  • Silver trees ( Leucadendron R.Br. ): The 80 to 85 species are widespread in the Capensis.
  • Pincushion silver trees, or silver seeds or by florists simply called pincushion ( Leucospermum R.Br. ): The approximately 48 species are widespread in the Capensis.
  • Mimetes Salisb. The approximately 13 species occur either only in the Western Cape, or only in the Eastern Cape.
  • Orothamnus cardboard ex Hook. Contains only one type: Orothamnus zeyheri cardboard ex Hook. She is only six locations in the Western Cape known.
  • Carnarvonia F.Muell. Contains only one type: Carnarvonia araliifolia F.Muell. The home is the northern Australia.
  • Sphalmium racemosum ( CTWhite ) BGBriggs, B.Hyland & LASJohnson: The home is the northern Queensland (Australia).
  • Subtribe Musgraveinae LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only two genera and four species in northeastern Australia: Austromuellera CTWhite: The only two species occur in the northeastern Australia.
  • Musgravea F.Muell. , The only two species occur in the northeastern Australia.
  • Banksia ( Banksia ): The 76 to 80 species are widespread in Australia, including Tasmania, one of which extends into southern New Guinea.
  • Dryandra Thunb. , The 93 to 95 species are native to southwestern Australia.
  • Subtribe Macadamiinae LASJohnson & BGBriggs: Brabejum L.: It contains only one type: Brabejum stellatifolium L.: It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Malagasia LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only one type: Malagasia alticola ( Capuron ) LASJohnson & BGBriggs: It is native to Madagascar.
  • Catalepidia heyana ( FMBailey ) PHWeston: It occurs in north-eastern Australia.
  • Athertonia LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only one type: Athertonia diversifolia ( CTWhite ) LASJohnson & BGBriggs: It is located in the northeastern Australia.
  • Bleasdalea F.Muell. , The only two species occur in the northeastern Australia and New Guinea.
  • Cardwellia F.Muell. Contains only one type: Cardwellia sublimis F.Muell. It occurs in north-eastern Australia.
  • Gevuina avellana Molina: It occurs in Chile and Argentina.
  • Sleumerodendron austrocaledonicum ( Brongn. & Gris ) virot: You located in New Caledonia.
  • Not classified in a subtribe: Eucarpha ( R.Br. ) Spach: The only two species in New Caledonia is home.
  • Knightia R.Br.: it contains only one type: Knightia excelsa R.Br.: It is native to New Zealand.
  • Megahertzia amplexicaulis ASGeorge & B.Hyland: It is located in the northeastern Australia.
  • Subtribe Roupalinae LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only three genera: Neorites L.S.Sm.: it contains only one type: Neorites kevediana LSSM. It is located in the north-eastern Australia.
  • Subtribe Lambertiinae ( C.Venkata Rao ) LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only two genera in Australia: Lambertia Sm: The ten species occur in southwestern and southeastern Australia.
  • Xylomelum Sm: The six species occur in southwestern and eastern Australia.
  • Subtribe Heliciinae LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only two genera: Helicia Lour. , The approximately 100 species occur in southern India, Sri Lanka, China and Japan to the southeast of Australia before, with the center of diversity in New Guinea.
  • Hollandaea F.Muell. , The only two species are native to northeastern Australia.
  • Subtribe Floydiinae LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only two genera with three species in Australia: Darlingia F.Muell. , The only two species are native to northeastern Australia.
  • Floydia LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only one type: Floydia praealta ( F.Muell. ) LASJohnson & BGBriggs: It is native to eastern Australia.
  • Subtribe Lomatiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs: Lomatia: There are about twelve species with disjunct area: nine in Australia ( including Tasmania ) and three in Chile, Argentina, Peru and Ecuador, for example: Kings lomatia ( lomatia tasmanica W.M.Curtis )
  • Subtribe Embothriinae Endl. Contains approximately five genera: Alloxylon PHWeston & Crisp: With five species in eastern Australia, southern New Guinea and the Aru Islands.
  • Embothrium J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. With the only kind: Notro (. Embothrium coccineum R.Forst & G.Forst. ): It occurs in Chile and Argentina.
  • Subtribe Stenocarpinae LASJohnson & BGBriggs: it contains only two genera with about 24 species: Feuerradbäume ( Stenocarpus R.Br. ): The approximately 21 species occur in the northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, the Aru Islands and New Caledonia before, including: Pastures Similar Firewheel ( Stenocarpus salignus R.Br. ): The home is Australia.
  • Usually Firewheel ( Stenocarpus sinuatus ( A.Cunn ) Endl. . ): It is found in New Guinea and Australia.
  • Subtribe Hakeinae Endl. ( Syn: Tribe Grevilleeae Endl. ): The flowers are zygomorphic. It contains five genera: Buckinghamia F.Muell. , The only two species occur in the northeastern Australia.
  • Finschia Warblers. Among the three species in New Guinea is one to Palau and Vanuatu before.
  • Grevilleen or silver oak ( Grevillea R.Br. ex Knight): The approximately 260-362 species are widespread in Australia, including Tasmania, New Caledonia, New Guinea and Sulawesi.
  • Hakea Schrad. & JCWendl. , The 110 to 150 species are widespread in Australia, including Tasmania.
  • Opisthiolepis L.S.Sm.: it contains only one type: Opisthiolepis heterophylla LSSM. It is located in the north-eastern Australia.
  • Bell Dena R.Br.: it contains only one type: Bell Dena montana R.Br.: It is native to Tasmania.
  • Garnieria Brongn. & Gris: It occurs only in New Caledonia.
  • Persoonia Sm: The about 100 species occur in Australia.
  • Placospermum CTWhite & WDFrancis: It occurs in north-eastern Australia.
  • Agastachys R.Br., with only one type: Agastachys odorata R.Br.: It occurs only in Tasmania.

Swell

  • The family at the Proteaceae in the APWebsite. ( Section systematics)
  • The family at the Proteaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. ( Description section )
  • The Proteaceae family in the Western Australian flora. ( Description section )
  • Huaxing Qiu, Peter H. Weston: Proteaceae. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723 X -27, pp. 192 (online). (Sections Description and systematics).
  • Peter H. Weston, Nigel P. Barker: A new supra- generic classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera. In: Telopea. Volume 11, No. 3, 2006, pp. 314-344 (PDF file, 540 kB ) (Section systematics).
  • Proteaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. ( Section systematics)
  • Details and photo pages to Proteaceae and Kapflora.
  • The family in Australia. (English )
  • The South African taxa of the family. ( Section systematics)
  • Tony Rebelo: Proteas - A field guide to the Proteas of Southern Africa. Fernwood Press, 1995, ISBN 1-874950-02-4 ( softcover ), ISBN 1-874950-18-0 ( hardcover )
Dichotomy Ovary (botany) Fossil Cluster root Disjunct distribution Grevillea banksii Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia Waratah Agricultural Research Service
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