Prussian Academy of Sciences

The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences on July 11, 1700 in Berlin as the Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences by the Brandenburg Elector Frederick III. founded. At its first president Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was appointed, who planned the Academy together with Daniel Ernst Jablonski in the early days and developed.

History to 1945

After the coronation of the Elector Frederick III. King Friedrich I in Prussia, the Academy was called in 1701 Royal Prussian Society of Sciences. Unlike other academies, the Prussian Academy of Sciences was not funded until 1809 by the State budget. Rather, they had to earn their own financial upkeep. For this purpose, they used the proposed by Leibniz and by Frederick III. approved on May 10, 1700 monopoly on the production and sale of the calendar in the Electorate of Brandenburg. A statute received the Academy until 1710. A year later, the official opening of the Academy. The statute laid the division of Academy members firmly into four classes (two scientific and two humanities classes).

While other academies such as the Royal Society in London and the Académie des Sciences and the Académie française in Paris limited to certain areas of science, the Academy was the first academy in Prussia, were summarized in the natural sciences and the humanities from the beginning. The first introduced at the Prussian Academy of Sciences breakdown by classes had a role model for future Academy -ups. From 1710 to 1830 there were two classes at the academy for the natural sciences and mathematics, and also two classes for the Humanities. Since 1830 to 1945 there were only two classes, the Physico- mathematical and philosophical- historical class. The classes and the plenum in which the Academy members came together to scientific discussions, were the decisive bodies of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Under the reign of Frederick II, there was a comprehensive reorganization of the Academy. Beginning of 1744, the old Society of Sciences was combined with the founded in Berlin in 1743 Nouvelle Société Littéraire to the Royal Academy of Sciences. The statute of January 24, 1744 put an innovation define the public tender of price tasks by the Academy. The prizes of the European academies certain at least the 18th century, the public discourse of the " République des Lettres ". With the price of the tasks academies attacked on unresolved scientific issues of their time and transported in this way the development of the sciences. Among the submitters of prize essays to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Jean le Rond d' Alembert, Johann Gottfried Herder and Immanuel Kant are

Under Frederick II, the Academy reached its heyday in the 18th century. Outstanding representatives of the natural sciences and the humanities - such as Leonhard Euler, Jean le Rond d' Alembert, Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, Johann Theodor Eller, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, Johann Heinrich Lambert, Joseph Louis Comte de Lagrange, Franz Karl Achard, François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean -Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d' Argens, Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Diderot, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Friedrich Daniel Sotzmann, Christoph Martin Wieland and Immanuel Kant - were among its members. In the 18th century, the Academy had its own research facilities (1709 Observatory; 1717 Theatrum Anatomicum, from 1723 Collegium Medico - chirurgicum; 1718 Botanical Garden 1753 laboratory ) and scientific cabinets (physical cabinet; Naturalienkabinett; Herbarium ). In the wake of the profound reorganization of the Academy in the years 1806-1812, which culminated in the new statute on 24 January 1812, the Academy lost its scientific institutions gradually to the newly founded Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität. As a major new form of scientific work scientific enterprise were established since 1815 at the Academy, which were led by academic committees chaired by an Ordinary Academician. The work in this great joint venture contributed in addition to the commissions appointed to the academy members primarily scientists who were hired for this purpose by the Academy. At the academy, more than 50 scientific enterprise, the Academy of commissions ( inter alia Commission on Greco- Roman History, German Commission, Oriental Commission Prussian Commission) were conducted arisen. From the Academy committees and working bodies of the companies in some institutes of the Academy have emerged after 1945.

During the period of Nazi rule, the Academy has been brought into line. Jewish staff and members had to leave the academy. With the new Statute of 8 June 1939, the Academy was led by the leader principle of a President, a Vice- President of the the two class secretaries and the director were on hand.

Successor from 1946

After the war, the Academy was initially under the Berlin municipal authorities. On 1 July 1946 she was re-opened by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany as German Academy of Sciences in Berlin. In 1972, their renamed Academy of Sciences of the GDR, which acted both as a scholarly society as well, similar to eg the Max Planck Society, as a support organization of a research community of non-university research institutes.

As part of the reunification of Germany, it came to the dissolution of the GDR Academy and for the reconstitution of the Berlin- Brandenburg Academy of Sciences ( BBAW) in accordance with State agreement of the federal states of Berlin and Brandenburg on May 21, 1992.

60 former members of the East German Academy founded in 1993 as a rival institution to the Berlin- Brandenburg Academy of Sciences of the Leibniz law firm.

Famous members

See Category: Member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences

Male members

  • Samuel Walther, 1729 Absentee Member
  • Conrad Mel, 1701 Absentee Member
  • Johann Fabricius, 1703
  • Jacob Paul Freiherr von Gundling, president of the Academy
  • Otto von Graben zum Stein, Vice President of the Academy of 1732-1740
  • Leonhard Euler, 1741 Present Member; 1766 Absentee Member
  • Johann Heinrich Lambert, 1764
  • Johann Matthias Gesner, 1744 Foreign Member
  • Charles -Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu, 1746 Foreign Member
  • Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, 1746, President of the Academy of 1746-1753
  • Julien Offray de La Mettrie, 1748, full member
  • Johann Georg Sulzer, 1750, from 1776 director of the philosophical class
  • Denis Diderot, 1751 Foreign Member
  • Jérôme Lalande, 1751 Foreign Member
  • Jean -Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d' Argens, Maupertuis 's successor as President of the Academy
  • Immanuel Kant, 1786 Foreign Member
  • Friedrich August Wolf, 1799 Foreign Member; 1808 Full member; 1812 Honorary Member
  • Friedrich Schleiermacher, 1810 Full member
  • August Boeckh, 1814 Full member
  • Johann Centurius of Hoffmannsegg, 1815
  • Carl Ritter, 1822 Full member
  • Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, 1827 Full member
  • Karl Lachmann, 1830 Full member
  • Michael Faraday, 1842 Foreign Member
  • Emil du Bois- Reymond, 1851 Full member
  • Heinrich Ernst Beyrich, 1853 Full member
  • Theodor Mommsen, 1853 Corresponding Member; 1858 Ordentlilches Member
  • Hermann von Helmholtz, 1857 Corresponding Member; 1870 Foreign Member; 1871 Full member
  • Eduard Zeller, 1864 Corresponding Member; 1872 Ordentlilches Member; 1894 Honorary Member
  • Rudolf Virchow, 1873 Full member
  • Franz Kiel Horn, 1880 Corresponding Member
  • Gustav von Schmoller, 1884 Full member
  • Ulrich von Wilamowitz- Moellendorff, 1891 Corresponding Member; 1899 Full member
  • Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, 1893 Full member
  • Louis Duchesne, 1893 Corresponding Member
  • Max Planck, 1894 Full member
  • Henri Weil, 1896 Corresponding Member, 1908 Foreign Member
  • Melchior Treub, 1900 Corresponding Member
  • Albert Einstein, in 1914 a full member
  • Karl Holl, 1915 Full member
  • Ernst Heymann, 1918 Full member
  • Kurt Sethe, 1920 Corresponding Member; 1930 Full member
  • Otto Hahn, in 1924 a full member
  • Max Bodenstein, 1925 Full member
  • Karl Ludwig Hampe, 1925 Corresponding Member
  • Hermann Grapow, 1938 Full member
  • Hans Karl August Simon von Euler - Chelpin, 1942 Corresponding Member

Female members

Frederick II made ​​in 1776 for the honorary membership of his cousin, the Russian Empress Catherine II, his successor in 1794 for membership of Juliane Giovane, who had come out with writings of the Enlightenment. One hundred years later, the patroness Elise Wentzel - Heckmann, after discussion, chosen for the third female honorary member. 1964 Elisabeth Charlotte Welskopf was elected the first woman as a full member in the successor organization to the Academy of Sciences of the GDR.

German Academy of Sciences at Berlin Jacob Paul von Gundling Lorenz Franz Kielhorn Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Christoph Scriba
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