Pupa

A doll called in zoology a morphologically clearly defined, usually almost or completely motionless transitional stage between the insect larva and mature full- insect ( imago ). The pupal stage is shown after a molt from the last larval instar and molt to the imago itself. In any case, this stage being characterized in that each feeding does not occur.

The pupal stage is characteristic of the holometabolous insects, including butterflies, beetles, Diptera, Hymenoptera and some other orders. In these, the larvae look completely different than the adult animals ( imagines ). Some insects such as thrips hemimetabole or scale insects have also developed convergent puppet-like resting stages, but differ from the real dolls Holometabola in essential characteristics.

Movement and mobility

While many species are immobile dolls, for example, are the floating pupae of mosquitoes Culex and Anopheles genera very mobile. Some dolls lead wavy ( undulating ) movements to help you breathe out, eg in most caddisflies, others have a certain mobility to leave hideout or shells before hatching to the imago can. In some groups, the doll has movable mouthparts ( mandibles ), which mostly serve to cut open a chrysalis. In no event will come in the pupal stage but before moving and functioning legs. The doll can be hidden in a cavity in wood or soil ( " Puppenwiege " ) or are completely free. Frequently it is enclosed in a last instar homespun sleeve, a cocoon. In some groups, especially the Cyclorrhapha under Diptera and most Fächerflüglern, pupation occurs within the non- stripped final larval skin, which is then referred to as Puparium.

Some groups of holometabolous insects have not one, but two completely different-looking larval stages with different lifestyles; usually one of these stages is parasitic. Such a development cycle is called " Hyper metamorphosis ". In some cases ( eg oil beetle) is also turned on a resting stage between the first and second larval form, which is then called "fake doll ". On this note pupal stage follows another larval stage and then the real doll.

Metamorphosis

In the pupal stage of the insect larva finds a nearly complete physical reconstruction ( metamorphosis ) instead. In the pupal stage the essential imaginal organs such as are Wings, compound eyes, copulatory organs, of which no visible trace can be seen in the larva usually created. In the last moult, the slip of the imago from the pupa, these organs get then only their final form and harden. Before the last larval stage molts into a pupa, it usually loses its ability to move already. Many internal organs are not functional and degraded. This stage is often called " Präpuppe ". After molting to pupa often other parts of the body including the skin ( epidermis) and the Annexes and limbs are completely undifferentiated and degraded. Within the undifferentiated cell masses but keep some sections in their differentiated form. Of these, from the body plan reorganized so that larval organs partially completely dismantled and their imaginal equivalents may be formed from scratch. Especially in some Diptera the imaginal is the largest part of the imaginal body of bud-shaped depressions deep inside, new shows, while the corresponding larval structures completely disappear. However, this radical conversion is not the rule. For most groups of larval structures are only rebuilt without that they would completely melted. In some cases, cells from the larval organ in the newly forming dolls organ hike ( which corresponds to the later imaginal ) a. Even in Drosophila, in which the metamorphosis is the best studied and is considered a model of a complete and radical reconstruction, some cells of the larva are passed without change in function or dedifferentiation of the Imago. In many groups, the doll has its own dolls organs that are present either in the larva still in the imago. Examples are the ( at the larva inside the body preformed ) Gill filaments of blackflies doll or serving for respiration Thorakalhörnchen the mosquitoes and Midge dolls.

Dolls forms

Due to the external shape of three different types can be distinguished:

• Free puppet limbs and wings projecting freely (especially beetles and Hymenoptera )
• Mummy dolls in the principle of free doll accordingly, only the appendages with the body glued ( wasps, butterflies, ladybugs, mosquitoes wrinkles ... )
• Tönnchenpuppen doll of the higher flies. The free doll appropriate actual doll is hidden in a barrel-shaped, which is formed from the last larval skin.

Dolls forms in butterflies

In butterflies ( see Doll ( Butterfly) ) are also distinguished the following types of dolls on the type of attachment to the document:

• Belt dolls are held by a looped around her middle thread.
• Stürzpuppen hanging on its rear end.

The time period of metamorphism and the insect present in the metamorphosis of the silk spinners also called Chrysalis ( to Greek χρυσός chrysos, gold '). In these, the larva spins in the last stage of her life as a larva in a cocoon, whose threads are unwound used as silk.

Pupation of Inachis io ( Peacock ) in 60 -second increments

Little Fox, shortly before hatching

Drone pupae of the Western honey bee

Drones dolls in various stages of development

Only two mm long doll on a leaf

Doll of a mosquito

" Free Doll" of the Asian long-horned beetle