Quercus chrysolepis

Quercus chrysolepis is a species of the genus of oaks (Quercus ) in the beech family ( Fagaceae ). It is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.

7.1 Notes and references

Description

Quercus chrysolepis grows as evergreen shrub or tree. As tree growth heights of up to 25 meters can be achieved. The 1 to 2 millimeters thick and flexible branches go off at an angle of about 60 ° from the trunk. Your gold brown colored bark is covered with dense hair in the first year and the second year loosens the density of hairs on. The conical terminal buds are 2-8 mm long and are brown in color. From " dormant buds " that are located under the bark at the base of trees, streamers can be formed.

The leaves are arranged opposite one another on the branches. The 3-14 mm long petiole has a rust- colored hair and is flattened on the top. The simple, relatively thick, leathery leaf blade with a length of 2 to 7 centimeters and a width of 1 to 3.5 inches long with a blunt rounded up Spreitenbasis and a pointed end; they are mostly flat to slightly concave. From the main nerve of the leaves go in about 50 ° angle from twelve or more pairs of lateral nerves. The regularly toothed, and especially in young leaves prickly, leaf margins are rolled up slightly. The scabby Leaves are yellowish green and has a loose hair on the thickens with age. The lower leaf surface is loosely hairy or bald and has a bluish-white wax layer and golden glands on.

Quercus chrysolepis is wind-pollinated ( anemophilous ), monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ) and is reached puberty at 15 to 20 years. The flowering period extends from May to June. The male flowers are in slender, yellow - brown, woolly hairy, 5 to 10 centimeters long, kitten -like inflorescences. The usually solitary female flowers are yellow-brown and have a bright red scar.

When ripe in autumn acorns, either singly or in pairs, rarely three or four, on the branches. The flat fruit cup ( cupula ) has a height of about 4 to 10 millimeters and a diameter of 15 to 40 millimeters, and surrounds the acorn only at its base. The edges of the fruit cup are usually thickened corky. The bare, light chestnut brown acorns are ellipsoid with a length of 1.5 to 5.1 centimeters and a diameter of 1 to 2 centimeters or ovate with blunt end. The weight of acorns varies greatly. The spread of diasporas is partly about animals, hiding from spreading. The acorns mature in the same growing season around October.

Distribution and location

The natural range of Quercus chrysolepis includes the mountain range in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It extends from the Cascade Range in Oregon on the Klamath Mountains and the Sierra Nevada in California to Baja California. Only near the King Range in California grows Quercus chrysolepis near the coast. Scattered holdings can be found also in the mountains of Arizona, southern Nevada, New Mexico and northwestern Chihuahua and the Channel Islands off the coast of California.

Quercus chrysolepis settled mostly mountain ridges, canyons and moist slopes. They are found at altitudes 90-2740 meters. The annual rainfall amounts vary by location 150-2790 mm, the bulk of which falls as rain in the winter. Quercus chrysolepis colonized many different types of soil. There are mostly granite, sediment or serpentine resulting Alfi sols and Inceptisole populated. In poorly developed, steep and rocky soils, it represents the dominant species, while it is inferior to deep soils of other species and usually grows only a shrub. She is very shade tolerant at most locations.

Socialization

In their area of distribution Quercus chrysolepis forms depending on location with many different types of mixed stands. With some types of stocks are formed in almost the entire area of distribution. Thus one finds Quercus chrysolepis in almost all of California associated with the Arizona cypress ( Cupressus arizonica ), Cupressus forbesii, Cupressus goveniana and Cupressus sargentii. The mixed stands can be roughly divided into eight groups:

In the forests of southwestern Oregon Quercus chrysolepis is a dominant tree or Strauchart and trains primarily with the American strawberry tree (Arbutus menziesii), Castanopsis chrysophylla, Lithocarpus densiflorus, as well as the Douglas Fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii) mixed stands. In the shrub layer Arctostaphylos canescens, Arctostaphylos patula and Ceanothus velutinus occur.
In the forests of the Klamath Mountains in Northern California Quercus chrysolepis grows as a small tree or shrub under the canopy of larger trees. Dominant tree species are the Colorado Fir ( Abies concolor), sugar pine ( Pinus lambertiana ) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Furthermore, (Cornus nuttallii ) and Chrysolepis chrysophylla also the Oregon Maple ( Acer macrophyllum ), Nuttall's flowering dogwood occur.
In the coastal mountains of Northern California Quercus chrysolepis is a main species of mixed - evergreen forests. Socialized tree species are the American strawberry tree (Arbutus menziesii), Oregon Maple ( Acer macrophyllum ), Lithocarpus densiflorus, the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii), Quercus agrifolia and the California laurel ( Umbellularia californica ).
In the central coastal mountains of California Quercus chrysolepis occurs in mixed hardwood forests. Mixed tree species include the American strawberry tree (Arbutus menziesii), Lithocarpus densiflorus, Pinus Sabiniana, Quercus agrifolia, blue oak ( Quercus douglasii ), California black oak (Quercus kelloggii ), Quercus wislizeni and the California laurel ( Umbellularia californica ). In the undergrowth Arctostaphylos glandulosa the Strauchart happens frequently.
In the Sierra Nevada are especially with the Oregon maple ( Acer macrophyllum ), which leaved pine ( Pinus monophylla ), Pinus Sabiniana, the blue oak ( Quercus douglasii ), the California Black Oak ( Quercus kelloggii ), Quercus wislizeni and the California bay formed mixed stands ( Umbellularia californica ). At higher altitudes, nor the ponderosa pine also added (Pinus ponderosa ) and Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii). In the shrub layer mainly bearberry ( Arctostaphylos spp.), Heteromeles arbutifolia and poison oak dominate ( Toxicodendron diversilobum ). Especially at higher elevations of the Sword Fern ( Polystichum munitum ) often occurs in the herb layer.
In the Transverse Ranges of Southern California it comes to forest formation with Jeffrey Pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ), the -leaved pine ( Pinus monophylla ), the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa ), and with the California Black Oak ( Quercus kellogii ). Arctostaphylos, purse flowers ( Ceanothus ), Cercocarpus betuloides, Cercocarpus ledifolius and Shrubby growing oak species often form the shrub layer.
In the mountains of Arizona Quercus chrysolepis grows mainly as a shrub in Douglas-fir and pine forests. It grows together with the American strawberry tree (Arbutus menziesii), Ceanothus greggii, Cercocarpus species, Garrya flavescens, the Gambel oak ( Quercus gambelii ) and with Robinia neomexicana.
In Baja California, the species grows as a shrub or low tree. As a shrub it is mainly found along with the American strawberry tree (Arbutus menziesii ) and various Eriogonum species. On the slopes of the canyon it grows as a small tree and forms with Ceanothus, Quercus peninsularis and buckthorn ( Rhamnus ) stocks. At higher altitudes also Jeffrey Pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) occurs as a socialized way.

System

The first description was in 1854 by Frederik Michael Liebmann in oversigt over det danske kongelige videnskabernes selskabs forhandlinger og dets medlemmers arbeider, p 173 Some synonyms for Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. are Quercus crassipocula Torr., Quercus chrysophyllus Kellogg, Kellogg and Quercus Quercus fulvescens wilcoxii Rydb .. Quercus chrysolepis belongs to the section Protobalanus in the subgenus within the genus Quercus of the oaks (Quercus ).

It is regarded as one of the richest North American oak species variation and was therefore divided earlier in several varieties and shapes. However, studies of intraspecific variation can not support any subdivision below the species level. A geographical variation between different stocks, however, was detected.

Hybrid

Where is the natural range of Quercus chrysolepis hybrids are overlaps with that of Quercus dunnii, Quercus palmeri and Quercus vaccinifolia formed. In the Channel Islands hybridizes with Quercus Quercus chrysolepis tomentella

Use

The wood of Quercus chrysolepis was used by the early Californian settlers for the manufacture of boats, agricultural equipment and furniture. Furthermore, it found use as firewood. Although it is considered a high-quality wood, it is now used only rarely.

Because of its far-reaching, evergreen tree crown Quercus chrysolepis is occasionally planted as a park tree. As it grows even on poor soils, it is planted to stabilize steep slopes.

Diseases and Pests

Especially young stocks are susceptible to ground and crown fire because the leaves are burned and the thin bark provides little protection against the heat. Stocks, which are often affected by forest fires, usually only niedrigwüchsige shrubs are formed.

An infestation with the fungus Cronartium quercuum or with the plant species Phoradendron villosum lead to the formation of witches' broom.

Compared to other oak species Quercus chrysolepis is attacked by few insect pests. In wet years occur occasional damage caused by the tooth Spinner Phryganidia californica, while more of the jewel beetle Agrilus angelicus found in dry years. The acorns are infested by the weevil Curculio uniformis and the winder Melis Opus latiferreanus. Other insect pests cause only minor damage but are the Zwergwickler Bucculatrix alberti ella, the mother hen Malacosoma constrictum, the cutworm Orgyia vetusta, the wood drill Prionoxystus robiniae and the borer Melalgus confertus and various species of beetles of the genus Pseudopityophthorus.

Seedlings and young plants are often swept by deer, which, however, hardly affects the development. The acorns are eaten by squirrels, deer and birds.

Swell

Template: Internet resource / maintenance / access date is not in the ISO FormatDale A. Thornburgh: Canyon Live Oak. In: Silvics of North America, Volume 2: Hardwoods. www.na.fs.fed.us, accessed 4 April 2011 (English).
Kevin C. Nixon: Fagaceae. Quercus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Volume 3, Oxford University Press, New York et al 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6, Quercus chrysolepis ( this work is the same text online, Quercus chrysolepis - Online). (Section Description, distribution and systematics)

Fagales Stigma (botany) Chihuahua (state) Precipitation Alfisols Inceptisols Notholithocarpus Rhamnus (genus) Form (botany) Noctuidae

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