Quibus quantisque malis

Quibus quantisque mali is an " Apostolic Letter ", which on 20 April 1849 by Pope Pius IX. was published, in which he criticized the revolutionary developments in Italy.

Historical Background

In Italy, revolutionary freedom forces had tried to free Italy from foreign rule, the divisions and absolutism. There were "political resistance groups " and " secret societies " (eg the " Carbonari " ) organized the uprising, the revolution pushed forward and worked in the underground. On February 9, 1849, the Roman Republic was proclaimed, which was headed by a triumvirate, composed of radical democratic revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. Already on July 3, 1849, the Republic of French and Spanish intervention troops was defeated militarily. Pius IX. did not return until the spring of 1850 in Rome.

Main article: History of Italy and the Risorgimento

Revolution and expulsion

At its refuge Gaeta he wrote this Apostolic Exhortation, which dealt with the following priorities:

• He deplored the armed conflict in Italy and the rest of Europe and turned against the revolutionary forces. This revolution he led in essential elements back to the machinations of secret societies, their destruction until now could not be completed. The revolutionary leader could not hope for the support of the Church, because they would have exceeded the commandments of fidelity and their actions must be described as ungodly.
• He regretted that his " battalions " had lost the defensive battle, and he declared his loyalty to the King. It should be further unworthy, not to reign as head of the Roman Catholic Church from his chair Petris from.
• He describes the danger that law and reason would be lost and could be taken over by the fatal system of socialism or communism.
• The Constitution of January 1848 did not correspond to the laws of the Church and that it was therefore the duty to recover any possessions. To end this revolution, he would have asked Austria, France, Spain and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to restore justice for help, because his duty rebuke him the freedom of the Church to restore.
• The Pope calls on all bishops and priests, but also all people of faith, to defend themselves against the attacks of the enemy and all the goods back to face justice.