Rabbinic literature

Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense includes the whole spectrum of religious writings of Jewish scholars since emergence of rabbinic Judaism to this day. However, the term is often used as an exact equivalent of the Hebrew term Sifrut Chazal ( ספרות חז"ל; " literature [ our ] ways, blessed be his memory ") is used, which specifically refers to the literature of the Talmudic era In this specific sense, the term is. normally used in medieval and modern rabbinic writings ( where Chazal refers generally only to the sages of the Talmudic era ) and also in contemporary academic writings ( where by " rabbinic literature " of the Talmud, Midrashim and related writings are meant, but hardly ever later works ).

This article discusses rabbinic literature in both meanings. It begins with the classical rabbinic literature of the Talmudic era ( Sifrut Chazal ) and then adds a broad overview of the rabbinical writings of later periods.

The terms Meforschim or Parschanim also be used in modern yeshivas ( Talmudic academies ) and mean there " rabbinic comments commentators ", see below for more explanation.

  • 4.1 Works of Geonim
  • 4.2 works of the Rishonim (the " early " rabbinical commentators )
  • 4.3 Works of Acharonim (the " late " rabbinical commentators )

The Oral Law

The Mishnah and Tosefta the (compiled from material before the year 200) are the earliest detailed works of rabbinic literature and explain the oral law of Judaism. Mishnah and Gemara together form the Talmud, which is delivered in two versions:

  • Jerusalem Talmud
  • Babylonian Talmud

The Midrash

Midrash ( pl. Midrashim ) is a Hebrew word for the interpretation of biblical texts. The term midrash can also be used for a compilation of Midrashic teachings in the form of legal, exegetical or homiletical commentaries of the Hebrew Bible.

Later works by Categories

Jewish law

Halacha refers to the regulations of Jewish life (see the article Halacha ). Important works in this category include:

  • The Mishneh Torah of Maimonides and their comments
  • Ben Arba'a Turim of Jacob Ascher and their comments
  • The Shulchan Aruch of Joseph Karo and his comments
  • The responsa literature

Jewish thought and ethics

  • Jewish Philosophy
  • Kabbalah
  • Aggada
  • The writings of Hasidism
  • Jewish ethics and the Mussar Movement

Liturgy

  • The Siddur and Jewish liturgy
  • Pijjutim (classical Jewish Seal )

Later works by historical periods

Works of Geonim

The Geonim are the heads of Talmudic academies of Sura and Pumbedita, in Babylonia (650-1250)

  • She'iltoth of Acha'i Gaon
  • Halachoth Gedoloth
  • Emunoth ve Deoth ( Saadia Gaon )
  • The Siddur of Amram Gaon
  • Responsa

Works of the Rishonim (the " early " rabbinical commentators )

The Rishonim are the rabbis of the early Middle Ages (1250-1550)

  • Comments of the Torah, for example, by Rashi, Abraham ibn Ezra and Nachmanides.
  • Commentaries of the Talmud, especially by Rashi, his grandson Samuel ben Meir and Nissim of Gerona.
  • Talmudic stories ( Chiddushim ) of Tosafists, Rabbeinu Tam, Nahmanides, Nissim of Gerona, Solomon ben Aderet ( Rashba ), Yomtov ben Aschbili ( Ritva )
  • Works of halakha ( Asher ben Yechiel Mordechai ben Hillel )
  • Codices ben Isaac Alfasi, Maimonides, Jacob Ascher and Shulchan Aruch
  • Responsa of Solomon ben Aderet eg ( Rashba )
  • Kabbalistic works (eg the Zohar )
  • Philosophical works ( Maimonides, Gersonides, Nachmanides )
  • Ethical works ( Bahya ibn Pakuda, Jona Gerondi )

Works of Acharonim (the " late " rabbinical commentators )

The Acharonim are the rabbi from 1550 to today.

  • Torah comments like Keli Yakar ( Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz ), ear ha - Chayim by Chaim b. Moses Attar, the comment of Samson Raphael Hirsch and the comment of Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin.
  • Talmudic stories such as PNEI Yehoshua, Hafla'ah, Scha'agath Arjei
  • Responsa, such as Moses Sofer, Moshe Feinstein
  • Works of halakha and codices, such as the Shulchan Aruch HaRav of Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Mishnah Berura of Israel Meir Kagan and Aruch ha - Shulchan by Yechiel Michel Epstein
  • Ethical and philosophical works of Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Israel Meir Kagan and the Mussar Movement
  • Hasidic works ( Tanya, Kedushas Levi, Sefath Emmet, Shem mi - Shemuel )
  • Philosophical / metaphysical works (from Judah Loew, Moshe Chaim Luzzatto and Nefesh ha - Chayim by Chaim of Woloschyn )
  • Historical works (eg Shem ha - Gedolim by Chaim Joseph David Azulai )

Mefarschim

Mefarschim is a Hebrew word meaning classic ( rabbinic ) commentators, exegetes; it is used as a substitute for the correct word Peruschim, the " Comments " means. In Judaism, the term is used for the comments of the Torah, the Tanakh, the Mishnah, the Talmud, the responsa of the Siddur, among others.

Classic Torah and / or Talmud comments were written by:

  • Gaonim
  • Saadia Gaon, 10th century, Babylon
  • Rishonim
  • Rashi ( Shlomo Yitzchaki ), 12th century, France
  • Abraham ibn Ezra
  • Nachmanides ( Moshe ben Nahman )
  • Samuel ben Meir, Rashbam, 12th century, France
  • Rabbi Levi ben Gershom ( Gersonides or called Ralbag )
  • David Kimchi, the Radak, 13th century, France
  • Joseph ben Isaac, who Bechor Schor, 12th century, France
  • Isaac ben Judah Abravanel (1437-1508)
  • Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno, 16th Century, Italy
  • Aharonim
  • The Gaon of Vilna, Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 18th century, Lithuania
  • The Malbim, Meir Loeb ben Jehiel Michael

Classic Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi. According to Rashi, the Tosafos, a general Talmudic commentary of the disciples and successors of Rashi arose; the basis of this commentary were discussions in the rabbinical academies of Germany and France.

Among the modern Torah commentary that a broad consensus in the Jewish community, include:

Orthodox:

  • Ha - ketav veha - Kabbalah of Rabbi Yaakov Zvi Meckelburg
  • Haemek Davar of Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin
  • Torah Temimah of Baruch ha -Levi Epstein
  • The Torah commentary of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch
  • Sefat Emet ( lips of the truth ), Yehudah Aryeh body of Ger, 19th Century, Europe
  • Pentateuch and Haftaroth by Joseph H. Hertz
  • Soncino Books of the Bible
  • Nechama Leibowitz, a well-known Torah scholar
  • Chofetz Chaim of

Conservative Judaism:

  • The five-volume JPS Commentary on the Torah by Nahum M. Sarna, Baruch A. Levine, Jacob Milgrom and Jeffrey H. Tigay
  • Etz Hayim: A Torah Commentary by David L. Lieber, Harold Kushner and Chaim Potok

Modern Siddur comments were submitted by:

  • Rabbi Yisrael Meir HaCohen Kagan, The Chofetz Chaim 's Siddur
  • Samson Raphael Hirsch, Hirsch Siddur
  • Abraham Isaac Kook, Olat Reyia
  • The Authorised Daily Prayer Book with commentary by Joseph H. Hertz
  • Elie Munk, The World of Prayer, Elie Munk
  • Nosson Scherman, The Artscroll Siddur, Mesorah Publications
  • Reuven Hammer, Or Hadash, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
  • My Peoples Prayer Book, Jewish Lights Publishing, written by a team of non- Orthodox rabbi and Talmudic scholar
  • Jewish Literature
  • Antiquity ( literature)
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