Ranunculaceae

Wies Argyle Shell Floral ( Isopyrum thalictroides ), illustration

The buttercup family ( Ranunculaceae ) are a family in the order of Hahnenfußartigen ( Ranunculales ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ). This family comprises about 62 genera with about 2525 species and is represented worldwide, mainly in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere.

Because all Hahnenfußgewächse contain protoanemonin, their consumption of animals is toxic.

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description

The representatives of the family Ranunculaceae have within the angiosperms very original features.

Habitus and sheets

Mostly it is herbaceous plants, very often there are perennial plants, rarely annuals; In addition, there are woody plants: subshrubs, shrubs ( Xanthorhiza ) and lianas (Clematis ). In some species rhizomes (example Coptis ) formed as outlasting. Often the change-constant leaves are divided or subdivided. There are usually no stipules present.

Occasionally, only one cotyledon, but usually two seed leaves ( cotyledons ) are provided which are often deformed.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are often on an inflorescence stem, singly or in zymösen, racemose or paniculate inflorescences together.

The flowers are mostly hermaphrodite. While some genres such as Columbine and monkshood flowers have complicated zygomorph built up, buttercup family, most only simple radiärsymmetrische flowers. The perianth consists, in contrast to the majority of the other taxa of angiosperms, only one petal circle. The number of bloom varies within the family of four bloom cladding for example clematis bloom cladding to many as the lesser celandine. The five to fifty free bracts are in one or two circles.

In many taxa nectar leaves are present, these are nectar -secreting floral organs which derive from the anthers ( stamens) and are not really a petal. These leaves have a honey nectar pocket at the bottom.

The stamens and carpels are present mostly in number. Of the 15 to 100 stamens all be fertile, or the outer staminodes are. The 3 to 100 carpels are usually free ( = chorikarp ) and are grown in only a few taxa.

The flowers formula is:

Pollination is mostly by insects ( Entomogamie ), rarely ( Thalictrum ) also by the wind ( Anemogamie ).

Fruits

Also, most fruits of the buttercup family show relatively original features, particularly the follicles, there are several pomes. There are also taxa with nutlets. A few taxa form capsule fruits or berries.

Ingredients

Important ingredients are ester alkaloids, such as the particularly toxic substance aconitine in aconite (Aconitum ). Even more alkaloids such protoanemonin diterpene alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids are common.

Systematics and distribution

The Ranunculaceae family in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu provides. Synonyms for Ranunculaceae Juss. are: Aconitaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, Actaeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, Anemonaceae Vest, Aquilegiaceae Lilja, Cimicifugaceae Bromhead, Coptaceae Á.Löve & D.Löve nom. inval. , Glaucidiaceae Tamura, Helleboraceae Vest, Hydrastidaceae Martynov, Nigellaceae J.Agardh, Thalictraceae Raf ..

The buttercup family are found worldwide with frequency centers in the temperate, cold - temperate and boreal regions of the northern and southern hemispheres.

The Ranunculaceae family is divided into five subfamilies, and eleven or twelve tribes. Only two subfamilies also contain taxa in Central Europe.

The Ranunculaceae family contains about 56 to 62 genera with about 2525 species ( all genera and some species selection ):

• Christoph herbs ( Actaea L.): it contains including Cimicifuga Wernisch. about 20 species in the northern hemisphere.
• Anemonopsis sieve. & Zucc. Contains only one type: Scheinanemone ( macrophylla Sieb & Zucc Anemonopsis. . ): It occurs only in Japan.

• Adonis (Adonis L): with about 30 species found in Eurasia. In Central Europe, four species are native.
• Megaleranthis Ohwi: it contains only one type: Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi: You only occurs in South Korea.

• Windflower (Anemone L. ) with about 150 to 190 species ( depending on whether Hepatica and Pulsatilla are incorporated or not)
• Archi Clematis ( Tamura ) Tamura (sometimes in Clematis L.): it contains only one type: Archi Clematis alternata ( Kitam. & Tamura ) Tamura ( syn. Clematis alternata Kitam & Tamura. ): It is native to China.

• Metanemone ranunculoides WTWang: it is endemic on mountain slopes at an altitude of about 3500 meters in the northwestern Yunnan only in Weixi Lisu to Zizhixian.

• Oreithales integrifolia ( DC.) Schltdl. Thrives only in the higher Puna in Bolivia and Peru.

• Asteropyrum J.R.Drumm. & Hutch. Contains only two species in China.

• Calathodes Hook. f & Thomson: The approximately four species are found in China ( four species), Bhutan and Sikkim.
• Marigold ( Caltha L.): about 10 to 30 species in the temperate to cool temperate regions of the world
• Psychrophila ( Cav. ) Bercht. & J.Presl: with about one to six species, but which are also provided to Caltha

• Jewellery Flowers ( Callianthemum CAMey. ): 12 to 24 species in the temperate latitudes of Eurasia.

• Monkshood ( Aconitum L. ) with about 300 species in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
• Field delphiniums ( Consolida Gray ) with about 60 species of Mediterranean to central Asia.
• Delphinium ( Delphinium L.): about 300 to 350 mainly on the northern hemisphere.

• Hellebore (Helleborus L.): from 15 to 25 species in Eurasia.

• Garidella L.: The only two types of are from Southern Europe to Central Asia ( Turkestan ) common and are sometimes found also to Nigella: Garidella nigellastrum L.
• Garidella unguicularis Poiret

• Komaroffia bucharica Schipcz.

• Arcteranthis Greene: It contains only one type: Arcteranthis cooleyae Greene: It occurs only in the north-western North America.

• Callianthemoides semiverticillata ( Phil.) Tamura: It is native to Chile.

• Sichelfrüchtiges horn head ( Ceratocephala falcata (L. ) Pers. ), Origin: South and Eastern Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia.
• Geradfrüchtiges horn head ( Ceratocephala testiculata ( Crantz ) Roth), Origin: South and Eastern Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia.

• Cyrtorhyncha rupestris Greene: It occurs only in western North America.

• Little mouse tail ( Myosurus minimus L.)
• Myosurus breviscapus Huth, Origin: North Africa, Spain, France, the European part of Turkey, formerly Greece ( Dhilos until 1900), but rarely anywhere.

• Paroxygraphis sikkimensis WWSm. It occurs only in Sikkim.

• Peltocalathos baurii ( Macowan ) Tamura: It occurs only in South Africa.

• Wrong bugs Same ( Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walter ) Vail ): The home is the USA.

• Anemonella Spach: it contains only one type: Rautenanemone Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach ( Syn: Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & B. Boivin AJ ): It is distributed in eastern North America.

• Isopyrum anemonoides Kar & Kir.
• Isopyrum dicarpon Miq.
• Isopyrum manshuricum Komarov
• Wies Argyle Shell Floral ( Isopyrum thalictroides L.): It thrives in moist deciduous forests of southern Europe.

• Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Rchb. It occurs in Kazakhstan, Siberia, Mongolia, China and Korea.

• Anemones Similar Paraquilegia ( Paraquilegia anemonoides ( Willd.) Ulbr. )
• Turf -forming Paraquilegia ( Paraquilegia caespitosa ( Boiss. & High. ) JRDrumm. & Hutch. )
• Small-leaved Paraquilegia ( Paraquilegia microphylla ( Royle ) JRDrumm. & Hutch. )

• Scheinakelei ( Semiaquilegia Makino ): it contains only one type: Semiaquilegia adoxoides ( DC.) Makino ( Syn: Aquilegia adoxoides ( DC.) Ohwi ): It occurs in eastern China, South Korea and Japan.

• Wies diamonds ( Thalictrum L.): It contains about 120 to 200 species and occurs almost worldwide before.

• Gold thread ( Coptis Salisb. ): The 10 to 15 species are widespread in eastern Asia and North America. There are perennial herbaceous plants.
• Xanthorhiza Marshall: It contains only one type: Turmeric ( Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marshall): You lignified and comes in warm to temperate eastern North America before.

• Glaucidium sieve. & Zucc. Contains only one type: Glaucidium palmatum sieve. & Zucc. It is native to Japan in mountain forests.

• Hydrastis L.: It contains only one type: Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis L.): It occurs in Japan and in North America.

Pictures

Delphinium ceratophorum

Eranthis pinnatifida

Glaucidium palmatum

Hellebore (Helleborus x hybridus )

Hepatica ( Hepatica nobilis)

Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis)

Little mouse tail ( Mysosurus minimus )

Black Cumin ( Nigella damascena )

Spring Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla vernalis )

Flood Ender Buttercup ( Ranunculus fluitans )

Schildblättriger Buttercup ( Ranunculus thora )

Columbine Meadow Rue ( Thalictrum aquilegiifolium )

Wrong bugs Same ( Trautvetteria caroliniensis )

Turmeric ( Xanthorhiza simplicissima )

Swell

• The Ranunculaceae in the APWebsite family. (Section systematic description).
• The family Ranunculaceae in L. Watson and MJ of DELTA Dallwitz ( Description section ).
• Wei Wang, An -Ming Lu, Yi Ren, Mary E. Endress, Zhi- Duan Chen: Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data. In: Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 11, No. 2, Elsevier, 2009, ISSN 1433-8319, pp. 81-110, doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001.
• Kyle M. Meyer, Sara B. Hoot, Mary TK Arroyoy: Phylogenetic Affinities of South American Anemone ( Ranunculaceae ), including the endemic genera segregates, Barneoudia and Oreithales. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 171, No. 3, March 2010, pp. 323-331, PDF.
• Alan T. Whittemore, Bruce D. Parfitt: Ranunculaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae, Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford et al 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6, pp. 85, online (English ).
• The family Ranunculaceae in the New South Wales Flora Online.
• Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang - Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu, Svetlana N. Ziman: Ranunculaceae. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae, Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9, p 133, online (English ).
• Eckhart J. Hunter, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd Müller, K. (ed.): Excursion Flora of Germany. Founded by Werner Roth painter. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants, Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8.
• Khatere Emadzade, Carlos back Bach, Peter Lockhart & Elvira Hörandl: A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae ( Ranunculaceae ), In: Taxon, Volume 59, No. 3, 2010, pp. 809-828 PDF- file.