Reduplication

The Reduplication is a morphological process may be repeated in which sounds, syllables, words or parts of words by copying a specific part or a sound chain of the base word, this Reduplikat reconnects to the base and thus forms the derived form the base. A distinction is made between partial and total reduplication, depending on whether only a part of the base or the entire word is doubled. In most languages ​​of the world, this methodology is commonly used to form inter alia of the forms of the past, the plural, the diminutive etc. (flexion ). However, it is also used in word formation for the development of new words.

Examples

Reduplication in English

In German, the reduplication is rare. Also, prefixes can be reduplicated or iterated: Urur ... grandmother, vorvorvor ... yesterday. In the children's language such Lallwörter are more common, think of Dad, Mom, bow-wow.

The Präteritalform did ( older: ity / tet) do contain the two-fold, t ' a remnant of the ancient Indo-European Perfektreduplikation. This is obtained as in ancient Greek, Sanskrit as well as in residues in Latin. So is the Greek verb παιδεύω paideuō the Perfect πεπαίδευκα pepaideuka to latin tango is the perfect tense tetigī (so-called Reduplikationsperfekt ).

Go In and those German verbs whose stem vowel is the same in the infinitive and participle, in which the past tense, however - ie- is (see: strong verbs), selbiges also goes back to the Perfektreduplikation, which synchronously here no longer as such can be seen and also the historical development of these forms a complete explanation is still awaiting.

Reduplikationswörter (ugs. also: " Doppelmoppel " ) are often naturalized from foreign languages ​​, such as candy or fanfare.

The term reduplication is not always clear-cut. So words that form a compound with itself are ( Autokomposita ), often not considered as such. Competence - competence, for example, is sometimes referred to as the longest German word formed by reduplication. In fact, a Determinativkompositum, which emphasizes the importance of development to drive and skills, these are however ( see also French: compétence de la compétence ). Please make wee-wee on the other hand, simply stating " gain", " intensification ", are reduplication.

Reduplication in Swiss German

In Swiss German are often used in contrast to standard German and Swiss German high reduplication of verbs and interrogative.

Reduplication of verbs

The Swiss German directly describes upcoming actions with the auxiliary verbs gaa " go ", cho "come" laa " leave ", afange " start ". These verbs all have an unstressed form that is used in the doubling or even tripling, which is used in connection with a following on the verb infinitive.

Examples:

• I go poschte output. or I input Goge poschte. (Doubling of gaa go with, tripling with Goge importance in standard German. I go shopping, right now. )
• I laa la di do. or I la di do so. (Doubling of laa with la, tripling with lala importance in standard German. I'll make you, from now on. )

Reduplication of interrogative

The Swiss German also knows the replication of interrogative. It is used to enhance the question. The doubling is done either with the repetition of the interrogative at end of sentence or question by reduplication of the interrogative itself, the binding syllable li is inserted. The reduplication is only with monosyllabic interrogative pronouns what and who applied used in open-ended questions.

Examples: (meaning in Standard German: What do we do tomorrow, if you please? )

• What do mer morn what? ( Reduplication with second interrogative at the end of the sentence. )
• Waseliwas always do morn? ( Reduplication of the interrogative. )

Reduplication in Ancient Greek

In ancient Greek, the replication occurs as a sign of perfect tribe. The verb begins with a single consonant except ρ, this consonant is reduplicated ε before the verb with the vowel. In the case of aspirate is the corresponding tenuis: but λύω Perf Perf λέλυκα θεάομαι τεθέαμαι. The verb begins with muta cum liquida only occurs with the mutation ε before the verb: κέκλεικα κλείω Perf. In all other cases there is no reduplication, the perfect tense is formed with Augment instead.

A few verbs have a Präsensreduplikation with the vowel ι with which they differ from the actual verb stem: δίδωμι verbal stem: δω

Classes

There are different forms of Reduplikationsbildung:

• Simple duplication (exact reduplication ): pap. ketu ~ ketu " very quiet ", German: small-small
• Reimdoppelung ( rhyme Education, Echo word formation ): bik. Harap - HASAP " rough ", english: party - shmarty, German: Heckmeck
• Ablautdoppelung ( apofonische duplication ). In the reduplication with ablaut in German, a change from i to a usually takes place: eg Chant chaos, chevron, snip - ratchet, snip - snap, tick-tack. In English is a change from i found mostly o: eg Flip- flop, hip- hop, ping pong, tip- top.
• Rare: triplication