Renaissance music
As Renaissance music is called the music of the early modern period, ie the period of the 15th and 16th century. Philosophical Foundations of the age are humanism and a return to antiquity.
Features and forms
The emerging, returned to the ancient view of the world with man at the center is also reflected in the music: High splitting sounds, so nichtvermischte sounds of the Middle Ages were replaced against the full sound, the fifths and fourths harmony differs thirds and sixths. The development of the triad harmony prepares by putting on the formerly usual sequential voting inserts the rows are now jointly started. Complicated forms of Isorhythmie be simplified. Numerology and Dutch canons are aftereffects of the late Gothic period.
In the Florentine Camerata monody was developed; the result was a Europe-wide swirling towards a music that first affects human dressed in musical figures, had as the core content.
The musical composition technique of Fauxbourdon is another characteristic of the Renaissance music. She secured the clarity of the text and was easy to understand.
The subjective expression of a composition substantially received greater leeway than in the Middle Ages. With the beginning of the doctrine of affections the composition was further " humanized". In some compositions, a Tonsymbolik spreads, which can perceive only knowledgeable listeners. Josquin Desprez used in the credo of a fair at the passage the tertia ( third day ), as well as a mention of the Trinity triplets.
In the Renaissance the classification of voices in the soprano, alto, tenor and bass is complete. With the added bass voice in the choral setting is changed, the ideal sound, and the four-part choral writing became standard. This is also the reason why later, the ideal sound was replaced in the Baroque, for example thirds to sixths.
Vocal polyphony
German -speaking representatives of polyphony were Ludwig Hans Leo Hassler and Senfl; great fame reached Orlando di Lasso. About this time also the madrigal, the most important form of secular music in the Renaissance developed. A typical German development is the tenor song, in which the (often borrowed from a popular song ) is melody as a cantus firmus in the tenor and is draped artfully by the other voices.
Since the mid-16th century there were various musical centers, who worked in the form of partially long-standing artistic circles, or " schools ," as the Roman School of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italy with timbres and spatial effects experimenting Venetian school and the Florentine Camerata.
Instrumental music
At the heart of Renaissance music is polyphonic ( polyphonic ), vocal music, instrumental music is introduced by Conrad Paumann Fundamentum organisandi of 1452.
In church music, the organ slowly begins to take root. Organ books with notes and textbooks developed. A specific organ notation called tablature, developed in different countries with specific regional differences. The old and formed the new German organ tablature, Spanish, Italian, English and French Tabulaturformen. The dominance takes over in the 16th century Italy. At St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, new forms of organ music were introduced and from there spread: Toccata, Prelude and Praeambulum, Ricercar as a precursor of the later fugue, fantasy and Canzona were included in the repertoire of the organ player.
The most common household instrument of the time the sounds for their own tablature has been developed, which also got its own tab. Soloist singing and ensemble pieces were accompanied with her, as were vocal works are rewritten for Lute.
In the Renaissance, the first big wave instrument development in modern Europe falls. In addition to the development of medieval instruments, many new instruments have appeared for the first time in this period. In particular, woodwind, Brass and string instruments are built in accordance with the vocal quartet in staggered vocal ranges, ie as families, in sizes soprano ( descant ), alto, tenor and bass, and in some types of instrument still further. End of the 16th century, the following instruments, which are built in several vocal ranges and are suitable for ensemble playing, available:
- Woodwind Instruments shawm
- Pomeranian
- Rauschpfeife
- Dulcian
- Cornamuse
- Kortholt
- Sordun
- Rankett
- Recorder
- Flute
- Gemshorn
- Trombone
- Zinc
- Natural trumpet
- Viola da gamba
- Viola da Braccio
- Rebec
Usual, the game is in the quartet, but also three - and five-part instrumental pieces before coming. The instrumentation is usually not specified. So are both homogeneous, consisting of only one instrument family occupations and mixed ensembles are used. In mixed occupancies are also not in families built instruments such as bagpipes, nyckelharpa, hurdy-gurdy, lute, harp, psaltery, shelf or the natural trumpet used. The use of percussion is common, but not mandatory.
Destined for the Renaissance is also the invention of music printing by Ottaviano dei Petrucci.
Dance books ( collections of dance pieces and the like songs ) by Pierre Attaingnant, Jacques Moderne, Pierre and Tielman Susato Phalèse arise.
Aftermath
The Renaissance was replaced by the era of Baroque emanating from Italy in 1600 (see Baroque music). The style change expresses itself most obviously in the introduction of monody and basso continuo. In addition, the first operas created. Nevertheless, basic resulting in the Renaissance musical concepts are also used in subsequent eras, such as the multiple choirs. Last echoes of a truly renaissance moderate attitude can also be found in the fantasies for viol consort of Henry Purcell.