Reproducibility
Reproducibility ( also limited traceability ) generally means the ability to repeat something or do it again to be able to (for example, a process, an experiment ), or the same way to be able to go again. Reproducibility is also possible to produce some repeated. In changing contexts can mean the word intelligibility, objectivity or availability, which often leads to confusion.
Depending on the subject area, the expression but also a deeper or more precise meaning.
- 3.1 mechanical
- 5.1 Literature
Science
In the natural sciences reproducibility refers to the repeatability of empirical- scientific research results; we also speak of replicability. It is a basic requirement for scientific experiments, measurements and analysis: Under the same experimental conditions (within the measurement error claims to be ) the same results must be achieved, which is referred to as a replication of an experiment. In order to demonstrate the reproducibility, heard a sufficient logging of experimental design and experimental procedure for good scientific practice. An experimental result is only considered reliable if it has been traced by an independent researcher / research group.
Soil science, geology
In soil-related disciplines, the reproducibility va important for rock and soil samples. Because often powerful local variance of the soil parameters must be especially taken in the choice of measurement points to be taken if the sample or bore is also representative of the environment. Data collection and geographic information systems should be analyzed in this condition out thoroughly to avoid false conclusions for construction and other projects. The temporal variability due to season, precipitation and groundwater is observed.
Chemistry
In chemical analysis (or analytical chemistry ), instead of the expression precision recommended a different nomenclature for quantitative analyzes of the Eurachem. So there are different forms of reproducibility, which are described by the terms compared precision, laboratory precision and repeatability. For all three is precisely defined the conditions under which an experiment has to be repeated to measure the respective change in the results.
Art and Cultural Studies
In the Arts and Cultural Studies Reproducibility refers to the ability of an art object (or more generally a product ) to copy manually or technically to record, reproduce or duplicate, or produce it from the outset as a series (see series production ). In this sense, the term has been particularly addressed the Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1935 /36) by Walter Benjamin in his essay. The term " reproducibility " is closely connected with the concept pairs original and copy, original and forgery as well as unique and standard product.
Reproducibility is not merely a technical problem, but also a problem of legitimacy (copyright). Can the imitation ever happen, and they must be the equal of original? In general, if Scripture is to capture the voice of a author, then each reading of this document is only a substitute for that voice. But if the voice of the author is considered as a model for any reader, then each reading is original. This is true since the 18th century for music and theater, where each reproduction is original, while the reproduction of a unique piece of fine art today is merely a replacement or a fake. Case of signed art prints, however, a number of reproductions is authorized by hand.
Technology
In the art, the reproducibility is an important means for the elimination of programming errors, for example, in software, or structural defects, such as electronic devices. We tried doing the processes that have led to an error trace as accurately as possible, so im trying this error occurs again, and so the problem can be narrowed down.
Engineering
In mechanical engineering, reproducibility means restoring a workpiece within its tolerances and its specific property.
Psychology
In psychology, due to critical discussions a growing professional interest in replication studies, the einmündete in a systematic Reproducibility Project with international participation in 2012 developed see reproducibility (psychology ).