Rope

A rope is composed of a twisted natural or synthetic fibers or wires elongated pliable, elastic element which is usually used for the transmission of tensile forces, but also to a variety of other purposes.

  • 5.1 2D cross-sectional images
  • 5.2 2D transit flights through sectional images
  • 5.3 3D renderings
  • 5.4 3D flight around rendering
  • 6.1 Duodess
  • 6.2 Trio Dess
  • 6.3 Dynamic Ropes
  • 6.4 Static Ropes

History

Already for the Mesolithic ropes and fishing nets from Weidenbast are detected. The first documented Seiler was found in ancient Egypt. Ropes were used in the construction of various structures such as temples and pyramids.

In Europe ropes were increasingly produced in larger dimensions in the Renaissance and the development of seafaring. The production on an industrial example, began in the 19th century. It became increasingly other material except hemp, such as steel, is used.

In the Empire of Austria was one of the leading manufacturers John B. Petzl & Son, who specialized in the production of hemp and wire ropes.

Designations

The term cable is equally used for ropes made ​​from natural and synthetic fibers as well as for wire ropes. Textile ropes are colloquially referred to, for example, as knitting or cord. Thread, string, yarn, thread and cord are not counted to the ropes, although they comparable, albeit thinner and weaker in structure and mode of action. Even with the stronger rope and the heavy hawser is not spoken by a rope.

In the maritime context, one never speaks of ropes. The preambles hot rope or running and standing rigging, for which there are a variety of exact names according to the design or use.

Also in climbing ropes are distinguished by different criteria.

Ideal and real rope

The physics is different ideal and real ropes. The ideal rope - a model - is massless, taut, inextensible and without bending stiffness. It simplifies the discussion about ( idealized frictionless ) pulley blocks. For the sag in a catenary shape or the undulations of the hanging or tensioned cable but it must have (only ) mass.

Components and construction

Materials

Material properties

The earlier example ropes used in sailing and mountain climbing were mostly made ​​of hemp; today mainly synthetic materials are used. They are lighter weight and diameter stable, abrasion -resistant and better knotable. They also suck depending on the impregnation hardly any water to freeze and thereby a not so easy. However, plastic ropes age faster by the UV radiation from sunlight, so their durability and strength decreases with time.

Production

Ropes, Low German Reepe were formerly called the Reepschläger by hand on Seiler railways, including Reeperbahnen rotated. Nowadays the production is done by machine using cable percussion machines. They carry this name because it is called hitting the twisting also, to distinguish it from the lichen. Historically, the rotation of the individual rope strands was performed with a Warbel.

Several of fibers spun threads or some wires are first twisted together to form strands. The rope is then beaten from several strands. A thin wire is composed of 3 to 4 such strands are twisted.

The direction of impact, are twisted with cords and ropes, may be left-handed ( counterclockwise) or right-handed (clockwise). This is known as an S-shape or Z- shock. A small "s" or "z" is used to identify the direction of lay of the strands, uppercase letters indicate the direction of lay of the rope.

Lang lay ropes are ropes, where the twist of the individual strands and the twist is done with each other in the same rotational direction. The strands remain displaced by another. Thus, the rope is supple and therefore flexible. During bending of a cable actually takes a side expanded and the other side is compressed, the twisting enables, however, that by movement of the strands, the compression at the same time compensate for the elongation, the same strand, the " compressed" would, at the same time " stretched " elsewhere. Lang lay ropes are used for example for pulling cables and hoist ropes of cable cars.

In regular lay ropes the twists the strand bundle in themselves and each other are different. The rope is thus filled in as they are exposed to each other a type of truss is caused by the friction of the strands. The cable is highly flexible, yet rigid ..

Thicker ropes ( hawsers ) consist of several thinner ropes that are twisted together and hot in this function Kardeelen. The direction of Kardeelen and the entire cable are opposite to each other, which prevents unraveling of the rope.

The connection of cable ends is effected by splicing, in which the cable ends are interwoven. The cable ends of a natural fiber rope is protected by a whipping before unraveling the rope ends are often used in synthetic fiber ropes merged or wound with a simple tape. For cables you have several accessories. For fastening of ropes or their connection with each other, a plurality of nodes are used.

  • The Seiler at Work
  • Rope production on a device from the year 1928.
  • The guide pin to twist the strands together.
  • The Seiler on the way to the finished rope.
  • Artisanal rope production in a rope factory.

Micro- Computed tomographic representation of rope construction

2D cross-sectional images

2D transit flights through sectional images

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  

3D renderings

3D flight around rendering

  •  

Marking of ropes

The entire length of a cable located in the core colored fibers (one or two). According to the color of the fiber, the year of production can be determined. The color combination is repeated after 11 years and may differ among manufacturers. Example of a climbing rope manufacturer:

Duodess

In braided climbing ropes, a woven label are produced in the center of the rope with the Duodess process. Markers with (possibly damaging ) Filzmarkern or verrutschenden tapes are no longer necessary in order to make the assessment of the residual amount of cable can.

Trio Dess

As with Duodess process when it comes Trio Dess- process to a woven label ( pattern change ) in the last five to seven meters. At this " Rope Danger Zone" is so recognizable that it is high time to look for a suitable location.

Dynamic Ropes

Climbing ropes (according to EN 892 ) extremely high forces are at fall safely absorb without causing a dangerous to humans due to excessive braking acceleration effect, both in the safety rope climbing as well as the rope up to the cable shaft. They are made around a core of a resilient material. Through the forces transforming the rope (see helix) the energy in the elastic soul is cached, and the rate of expansion of the rope in length slowly decreases (dynamic force profile, low accelerations). The rope is here longer but much thinner. After she has come to a standstill, it transmits back on cable and the load oscillates in the vertical from. An extreme application of this principle is bungee jumping.

Static Ropes

As static ropes are generally ropes and cords with low elongation ( EN 1891 ) referred. They are suitable for securing people for work at height, for rope access, for rescuing people, for caving and other similar activities. In these activities, it is important that the rope has minimal stretch and maximum strength.

Braided ropes

Besides twisted ropes and braided ropes are made ​​, most of which are elastic and do not turn up, but have a larger surface area. They are made by an inner fiber or strand which is called soul around. To do this takes usually a different material, and thus represents a form of composite forth which combines the properties of both materials.

Steel cables

Wire ropes, which are now regularly made ​​of steel, are used in different diameters and types for various purposes, thinnest on the parallel guidance of sensor strips in scanners, thin and flexible for the circuit cable on your bike stronger as Bowden cable for the brakes ( also in the car for hand brake and clutch ), for the rigging and hanging of lights and images via ropes for lifts, winches, excavators, cranes and cable cars up to the ropes for cable-stayed and suspension bridges. In civil engineering ropes are also increasingly used for roof structures on the model of tent roofs in Munich's Olympic Park. According to the different uses numerous types of wire ropes are produced with different properties, such as those with a steel or a hemp core or today a plastic core with or without integrated optical waveguides. In submarine steel ropes are used under water as a protective sheath. In steel cables often textile yarns are incorporated, which are impregnated with oil. Through continuous delivery of the oil in moving the rope is done a certain lubrication of the rope and it will be smoother. In addition, rust is prevented in the rope. Wires for steel cables have a tensile strength of 2000 N / mm ².

Ropes made ​​of aluminum ( often in conjunction with a steel rope core ), copper (also known as braided belt ) and bronze serve as a flexible electrical conductors. Only small copper twisted - strand bundle, which is essentially of the sheath with flexible plastic insulator (formerly PVC, PE today ) are held together, are rather described as cable.

Storage and Maintenance

For longer storage, it is best for many ropes, they wind up on a cable drum; dry and not too warm rooms are generally preferable, but need some materials a certain amount of moisture. Furthermore, should especially during storage not be exposed to sunlight plastic ropes, because the UV radiation causes them to age quickly and then reduce its tensile strength. When washing of climbing ropes used cold water and letting it slowly in the air - not in the blazing sun - dry. Polyester ropes must not be washed with soap because of their liquor sensitivity.

Bands and straps

Flat braided rope called band (plural: bands) or strap (plural: belts). They are used as a hoist, as the drive belt or strap.

721631
de