Russian Academy of Sciences

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The Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian Российская академия наук - Rossiyskaya Academia Nauk, short- RAN ) is the national academy of sciences in Russia. It was founded in 1724 and is now the highest ranking research institution of the Russian Federation with nine departments, three regional departments, 14 regional science centers and numerous scientific and research institutions throughout Russia. The headquarters of the Academy was originally in St. Petersburg, but was relocated in 1934 to Moscow.

  • 2.1 General
  • 2.2 objectives
  • 2.3 Board of Directors
  • 2.4 functional and regional departments
  • 4.1 Foreign members
  • 4.2 Russian / Soviet members

History

18th and 19th centuries

The foundation of the Russian Academy of Sciences was one of the components of the reforms of the former Tsar Peter I, who had been aimed to modernize the Russian state and to bring his science and research as possible on a comparable level with leading European countries. Here all, especially strategically important scientific and research activities of the country should be united under the roof of an institution, the latter belong to the state and this should also be under. This aspect distinguished the Russian Academy of Sciences of newly founded similar institutions in other European countries, which were able to enjoy more autonomy from the state.

As a founding date of the Academy applies February 8, 1724, when the Peter the Great initiated decree on the establishment of the Academy was approved by the Imperial Russian senate. The founding ceremony of the new Academy, which got its seat in the then new capital of St. Petersburg, was committed on December 27, 1725. Its first president was the renowned physician Lorenz Blumentrost ( 1692-1755 ). In the early days of the Academy was divided according to their main fields of activity in three departments: the mathematical, the physical and natural sciences and the humanities. Peter the Great, who was very interested in science and technology and regarded the establishment of the Academy as one of its most important reform projects, continued even after the establishment to ensure that the new institution gained its reputation not only within Russia. To this end, a number of earned foreign academics was invited to St. Petersburg and appointed members of the Academy, including Nicholas and Daniel Bernoulli, Christian Goldbach, Georg Bernhard Bilfinger, Joseph -Nicolas Delisle and Leonhard Euler. In addition, the Academy has received several important scientific institutions in the country under their administration, including the St. Petersburg Kunstkammer, an astronomical observatory, a botanical garden, an anatomical theater and a print shop.

The extensive infrastructure of the Academy and the cooperation of renowned domestic and foreign researchers have already conducted a few decades after the founding of achieving excellence in various areas of Russian science. So could the geosciences department already in 1745 the first complete geographical map of Russia to be made. Among the most important achievements of the Academy in the first years of its existence include the many discoveries of the polymath Mikhail Lomonosov in the natural and geosciences field, the mathematical research Euler as well as several research expeditions to previously unexplored areas of the Russian Empire, including the Second Kamchatka. As of 1728, the Academy moved its own research journal in Latin.

Also during the 19th century, the work of the Academy was marked by outstanding scientific achievements. Mention should be made in this context, for example, the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe in the years 1803-1806 under the command of Johann Krusenstern and the 1820 was the discovery of Antarctica during an expedition Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lasarews Stockhausen. 1841 was founded in 1783 still Petersburg Academy for Russian Language, among whose members famous writers such as the poet Derzhavin and Pushkin, incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Department of Russian Language. Important work in the area of ​​mathematics and statistics made ​​in the 19th century Pafnuti Chebyshev, also academician. In the late 19th century and in the early years of the 20th century was the Academy work of world-renowned Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev as, Alexander Butlerov and Vladimir Vernadsky. Two members of the Academy, namely the physician Ivan Pavlov and Ilya Mechnikov, were among the first winners of the Nobel Prize.

Academy of Sciences of the USSR

See also: Science in the Soviet Union

An important change came with the 1917 October Revolution in 1918, own academies of science began in Republics of Soviet Russia to form -. , The first of them was furnished in that year the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. 1925 was the Russian Academy of Sciences the state of the parent science and research institution of the Soviet Union. She was officially renamed the Soviet Academy of Sciences. 1934 their headquarters were moved to the new capital Moscow, where he is today. End of the 1930s, the number of departments of the Academy was already eight.

In addition to extensive structural changes in the work of the Academy in the 20th century was marked primarily by the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union, which brought forth at that time an enormous need for research especially in various fields of science. The military successes of the Soviet state that had ultimately brought him the superpower status - as well as the development of the first Soviet atomic bomb - were due renowned academicians in many cases. Additional research areas within the Academy during the Soviet era is the development of the Soviet space program, the development of many new raw material deposits by geologists, but especially the work in nuclear research and other areas of physics. So among the Soviet Nobel Prize winners were particularly many physicists: 1958 Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm, Lev Landau in 1962, 1964 Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov, Pyotr Kapitsa 1978.

Especially in the post-war period emerged in several regions of the Soviet Union regional departments of the Soviet Academy of Sciences as well as large science centers in some extra purpose built cities such as Akademgorodok, Dubna, Troitsk, Chernogolovka or Pushchino. In addition, the Soviet Academy of Sciences was instrumental in the founding of many new universities in the field of the Soviet Union.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Soviet Academy of Sciences was sealed as such. On 21 November 1991, the Academy was by a decree of the then Russian President Boris Yeltsin in the Russian Academy of Sciences ( RAN) renamed. On the territory of the Russian Federation was the legal successor of the former Soviet RAN Academy of Sciences.

At the same time, the Academy once again experienced shortly after the end of the Soviet state, a phase uncertain future, as with the formation of independent states of the former republics of the Soviet Union accounted for the role of the RAN as a parent academy and the former Republic of academies were now independent. There was also a severe economic decline of the early 1990s in Russia, who crashed the Academy of Sciences in extreme financial difficulties. This crisis, as a result, there has been a migration of many highly qualified, but hopelessly underpaid scientific forces in the U.S. and other European countries, took about a decade. The consequences of under-funding of RAN are partially felt today: for example, the average age of scientific devices RAN doubled from 1990 to 2006, from 7.5 to 15 years.

Only recently have comprehensive modernization measures were introduced by the Russian government as part of a national project to promote indigenous science. Among other things, to be increased to 30,000 rubles a month by the end of 2008, the average salary of academic staff of the Academy, which would be a three-fold increase on the figure for 2006. The annual budget of the Academy is to increase from 37 billion rubles in 2007 to approximately 45 billion at the same time.

Objectives and structure

General

The Russian Academy of Sciences represents essentially a working group of scientists, which is divided into academic and corresponding members, further scientific staff and other scholars and specialists. With operated by the Academy for science and research organizations, it is the main center for basic research in the field of natural and social sciences in Russia dar. members of the Academy are entitled to wear the academic title Academicus ( Acad. ) before the name, which still stands above the academic rank of professor.

The organizational structure of the Academy unites a broad network of research institutes and laboratories that are involved in research in most areas of modern science. Exceptions are medicine, education, agricultural sciences, arts and architecture and construction: For these areas exist in Russia each separate scientific academies, the same as the RAN considered as state-run research umbrella organizations.

The Academy is a national organization that follows in its activities, the legislation and its own Statute. The latter is adopted or changed only by the General Assembly of the RAN without government interference. The Academy operates a free supervision over the control of the activities of the institutes, laboratories and other institutions in the field of basic research and training of specialists.

Objectives

The primary goals of the Russian Academy of Sciences are primarily basic research in the field of natural sciences, social sciences and humanities, which will also contribute to promoting the social and intellectual development of Russian society. This includes the selection and promotion of talented young researchers with a. Thanks to the versatile research using high-quality personnel and the reputation of science and the social status of academics in Russia is to be increased. In addition, the RAN aims to promote the mutual integration of research activities in the Academy, the universities and the industry to achieve as many synergies between science, education and culture and thus to realize a common scientific and technical policy in the country.

To increase the efficiency of their operations, the RAN promotes international cooperation between Russian and foreign scientists, including through co-operation agreements with foreign Academies of Sciences and other research organizations. In addition, it addresses international research centers in Russia and leads international congresses, conferences and seminars.

Board of Directors

The President of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 17 December 1991, the mechanics and mathematics Professor Yuri Osipov. Under him are just eight Vice-Presidents and the 40 - member steering committee. The Vice-Presidents and Committee members are all academic members of the RAN. The best known of the current Vice- President is the physicist and Nobel laureate Zhores Alferov. Both the President and the Vice- Presidents and the Bureau are the General Assembly of the RAN accountable and elected by her as well.

Functional and regional departments

The current RAN is divided into nine departments and three regional divisions and 14 regional scientific centers.

The departments of the Russian Academy of Sciences are:

  • Department of Mathematics Sciences Section of Mathematics
  • Section of Applied Mathematics and computer science
  • Section for general physics and astronomy
  • Division of Nuclear Physics
  • Section of Mechanics
  • Division of Mechanical Engineering
  • Section of Energy
  • Section of Chemistry
  • Section of Material Sciences
  • Section of Physiology
  • Section of Physical- Chemical Biology
  • Section of Biology
  • Division of Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology and Law
  • Section of Economics
  • Section for International Relations

Each department has in each case a certain number of research institutions that specialize in specific practice areas closer. In many cases, these are to research institutions in a particular field. Some of these institutions are internationally known, such as the information center WINITI, the Steklov Institute of Mathematics or the Lebedev Institute.

In addition, the RAN is divided according to regional presence: She has three regional departments - the Department Siberia in Novosibirsk, the Department Ural, Yekaterinburg and the Department of Far East in Vladivostok - and a total of 14 science centers in Vladikavkaz, Dagestan, Kabardino -Balkaria, Kazan, the Republic of Karelia, Kola, in Chernogolovka, Pushchino, Samara, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Troitsk, Ufa and Rostov-on- Don.

President of the Academy

Appointed President:

  • December 7, 1725 - June 6, 1733 Lorenz Blumentrost ( Lawrenti Lawrentjewitsch Bljumentrost ), physician
  • August 9, 1733 - September 23, 1734 Hermann Carl von Keyserling, diplomat
  • September 23, 1734 - March 27, 1740 John Albert von Korff, diplomat
  • April 24, 1740 - April 15, 1741 Carl von Brevern, diplomat
  • May 21, 1746 - April 15, 1798 Kirill Razumovsky, statesman and military
  • October 5, 1766 - December 5, 1774 Vladimir Orlov, Statesman
  • May 29, 1771 - October 25, 1773 Alexei Rschewski, poet
  • July 1, 1775 - January 15, 1783 Sergei Domaschnew, writer and poet
  • January 24, 1783 - November 12, 1796 Ekaterina Daschkowa,
  • November 12, 1796 - April 8, 1798 Pavel Bakunin, publicist

Elected President:

Note: 1924-1991 Academy of Sciences of the USSR

  • Since May 29, 2013 Vladimir Fortov, physicists

Known members of the Academy (Selection)

Below is a selection of prominent academic members, corresponding members and honorary members of the Russian and Soviet Academy of Sciences. For a more comprehensive list of members see also Category: Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Foreign members

  • Hartwig Ludwig Christian Bacmeister (1730-1806), historian, geographer, bibliographer ( Germany )
  • Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), mathematician ( Switzerland )
  • Nicholas II Bernoulli (1695-1726), mathematician ( Switzerland )
  • Georg Bernhard Bilfinger (1693-1750), philosopher ( Germany )
  • Dieter Bimberg ( b. 1942 ), physicist ( Germany )
  • August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard (1786-1839), botanist ( Germany )
  • Joseph -Nicolas Delisle (1688-1768), astronomer (France)
  • Manfred Eigen (* 1927), chemist, Nobel Prize ( Germany )
  • Richard R. Ernst ( born 1933), chemist ( Switzerland )
  • Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), mathematician ( Switzerland )
  • Christian Goldbach (1690-1764), mathematician ( Germany )
  • August Nathaniel Grischow (1726-1760), mathematician ( Germany )
  • Friedrich Hirzebruch (1927-2012), mathematician ( Germany )
  • Moritz Hermann von Jacobi (1801-1874), physicist ( Germany )
  • Paul Henri Thiry d' Holbach (1723-1789), encyclopedist, philosopher, reconnaissance, Member from 1780
  • Gustav Adolf Kenngott (1818-1897), mineralogist ( Germany )
  • Georg Wolfgang Krafft (1701-1754), physicist ( Germany )
  • Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft (1743-1814), astronomer ( Germany )
  • Otto Wille Kuusinen (1881-1964), politician ( Finland)
  • Franz von Loher (1818-1892), director of archives, historians ( Germany )
  • Johann Carl Friedrich Meyer (1739-1811), pharmacist, chemist ( Germany )
  • Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705-1783), Siberia researchers ( Germany )
  • Heinrich Noeth (* 1928), chemists ( Germany )
  • Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811), Geographer ( Germany )
  • Hermann Parzinger (* 1959), prehistorians ( Germany )
  • Herbert W. Roesky (* 1935), chemists ( Germany )
  • August Schleicher (1821-1868), linguist ( Germany )
  • John Schmidt (1843-1901), linguist ( Germany )
  • Johann Andreas Segner of (1704-1777), mathematician and physicist ( Germany )
  • Heinz A. Staab (1926-2012), chemist ( Germany )
  • Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (1793-1864), astronomer ( Germany )
  • Şerban Ţiţeica (1908-1985), physicist (Romania )
  • Treub Melchior (1851-1910), botanist (Netherlands)
  • Josiah Weitbrecht (1702-1747), anatomist Württemberg
  • Tadeusz Zielinski Stefan (1859-1944), historian of culture (Poland )

Russian / Soviet members

  • Alexei Abrikossow ( b. 1928 ), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Grigori Alexandrov (1908-1961), philosopher, politician
  • Zhores Alferov ( born 1930 ), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Nikolai Andrussow (1861-1924), geologist and Palöontologe
  • Nikolai Basov (1922-2001), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Spartak Belyaev ( b. 1923 ), Physicist
  • Lev Berg (1876-1950), Russian zoologist and geographer
  • Nikolay Bogolyubov (1909-1992), physicist and mathematician
  • Alexander Butlerov (1828-1886), Chemist
  • Fersman Alexander (1883-1945), mineralogist
  • Ilya Frank (1908-1990), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Vitaly Ginzburg (1916-2009), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Sergei Ilyushin (1894-1977), aircraft designer
  • Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev (1923-2005), politician
  • Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev (1906-1989), aircraft designer
  • Mikhail Yangel (1911-1971), rocket engineer
  • Leonid Kantorovich (1912-1986), mathematician, Nobel Laureate ( Economics )
  • Pyotr Kapitsa (1894-1984), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Andrei Kolmogorov (1903-1987), mathematician
  • Sergei Korolev (1907-1966), rocket engineer
  • Ivan Krylov (1769-1844), writer of fables
  • Igor Kurchatov (1903-1960), Physicist
  • Lev Landau (1908-1968), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Dmitry Likhachev (1906-1999), philologist
  • Alexander Lyapunov (1857-1918), mathematician
  • Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765), polymath
  • Andrei Markov (1856-1922), mathematician
  • Ilya Mechnikov (1845-1916), bacteriologist, Nobel Laureate (medicine)
  • Artem Mikoyan (1905-1970), aircraft designer
  • Vladimir Obruchev (1863-1956), geologist
  • Sergei Oldenburg (1863-1934), orientalist
  • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Alexander Prokhorov (1916-2002), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Andrei Sakharov (1921-1989), nuclear physicist, Nobel laureate ( Nobel Peace Prize )
  • Viktor Schirmunski (1891-1971), philologist
  • Otto Schmidt (1891-1956), Arctic explorer
  • Mikhail Sholokhov (1905-1984), writer, Nobel laureate ( Literature )
  • Alexei Shchusev (1873-1949), architect
  • Nikolai Selinski (1861-1953), Chemist
  • Nikolai Semyonov (1896-1986), chemist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Vladimir Smirnov (1887-1974), mathematician
  • Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008), writer, Nobel laureate ( Literature )
  • Igor Tamm (1895-1971), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Yevgeny Tarle (1874-1955), historian
  • Alexei Tolstoy (1883-1945), writer
  • Vasily Trediakovsky (1703-1768), poet
  • Pafnuti Chebyshev (1821-1894), mathematician
  • Pavel Cherenkov (1904-1990), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Sergei Uvarov (1786-1855), geologist, President
  • Sergei Vavilov (1891-1951), Physicist
  • Vladimir Vernadsky (1863-1945), geologist
  • Pyotr Vyazemsky (1792-1878), poet and literary critic

Others

1992, a Russian commemorative coin was issued as part of the series " 1000 years Russia" published in honor of the Academy. In addition, the Russian Academy of Sciences was immortalized in 1999 to mark its 275 - year existence on a Russian three-ruble coin of silver. Peter the Great, Leonhard Euler and Mikhail Lomonosov - - On this next to the old building of the Academy of St. Petersburg three key figures in its foundation and the wisdom deity Minerva depicted.

The reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( 2013)

See also: Club of the July 1,

2013 headed the Education and Science Ministry of Russia, a reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS ), which triggered a fierce resistance by scientists. The author of the document originally had to abolish three academies (the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences - the RAN) and instead of which a public- public organization "Russian Academy of Sciences" to donate. The property of the RAN would therefore specifically to established agency on the competence. In addition, the reform to introduce a single title instead of the current two-tier titles system and the possibility of a member of the Academy deprive this item. On July 3, 2013, the bill to reform the RAN by the Duma in the first reading, and adopted on July 5, in the second reading ( with lower amendments ). The third reading, which was first announced for the beginning of July, we then moved to the fall. End of August 2013, the conference was the scientific staff of the RAN " The present and the future of science in Russia. The body and the role of the Russian Academy of Sciences " convened. The Conference should discuss the reform of the RAN on all sides. Over 2000 scientists took part: Members of the academies, scientific employees of various research institutes, universities and colleges. The Conference expressed its disapproval of the future Law on the expression and hit their changes to it. The Presidium of RAN brought his hand also a change to the law template. On September 4, 2013 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin stated its agreement with the proposals of the Presidium of RAN. Nevertheless, changes occurred on 13 September on the legislative proposal, which are considered by some of the scientists as a fraud on the part of Putin of the Russian Presidential Administration in the State Duma. On 18 September, the reform law was passed in the third reading immediately in the second and. The law provides for significantly restricting the legal sovereignty of the RAN and to found the agency to manage the property of the RAN and the research institutions that formerly belonged to the RAN. 331 MPs voted in favor, 107 MPs, however, a deputy abstained.

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